The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.
The original database, as well as StarLing software to work with it, are found at Sergei Starostin's The Tower of Babel website. This document was prepared for the Indo-European language Association at for its official English site on Proto-Indo-European, and for the German version of the site.
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Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-)
English meaning: strong, mighty
German meaning: 'stark, heftig'
Note: The Root / lemma: apelo- : 'strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-): 'strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].
Material: to Mir. Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- 'very much'; got. abrs 'get strong, violent', adv. abraba 'very much', bi-abrjan 'before were astonished beside oneself', aisl. Prefix afar- 'very much'; ill. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο-.
Maybe illyr. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο - : alb. (*Α῎βροι) afronj 'bring close, squeeze', afër 'near' similar to formations of lett. blaîzît 'squeeze, clash, hit' : Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. 'nigh, near' (eigentl. 'adjacent').
Here maybe got. aba (n- stem) 'husband'.
Note:
The root abhro- :'strong, mighty' is related to the cult of fertility hence the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture' Αφροδίτη Aphrodite'. The name of Aphrodite derived from Gr. ἀφρός 'sea foam' + Τι ̄ τα ̃ νες 'titaness'. The name of Aphrodite is also related to Root / lemma: abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) and to Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) [see below].
In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture. According to Hesiod, she was born when Uranus (the father of the gods) was castrated by his son Cronus. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the ocean which began to churn and foam about them. From the ἀφρός 'aphros ("sea foam")' arose Aphrodite, and the sea carried her to either Cyprus or Cythera. Hence she is often referred to as Kypris and Cytherea.
The name of Aphrodite is related to PIE Root / lemma: (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp; water; clouds) Old Indian abhrá- m. (*m̥bhros), av. awra- n.
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abh-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abh- (*hebh-)
English meaning: quick, abrupt
German meaning: 'rasch, heftig'
Note: alter r/n- stem
Material: Gr. ἄφαρ 'straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently' (old abstract noun 'quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως 'suddenly'.
Here at most Old Church Slavic abьje 'straight away, directly', but uncertainly Old Indian ahnāya 'directly, straight away, instantly, speedily' (rather to áhar, áhan- 'day' p. 7).
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abhro-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abō(n) (*hebō-)
English meaning: ape, *water demon
German meaning: 'Affe'
Note: (kelt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).
Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.) to read and still before the consonatic mutation in Germ. stubby; hence, in. api m. 'Monkey, gate', as. apo, ahd. affo m., affa, affin f., ags. apa m. 'Monkey', ačech. opice comes aruss. opica from the Germ.
References: WP. I 51 f.
See also: compare ab-'water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.
Page(s): 2-3
Root / lemma: ab-
English meaning: water, river
German meaning: 'Wasser, Fluß'
Note:
From Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : 'water, river' [through the shift -gʷ- > -b-, -kʷ- > -p- attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : 'water, river'.
Material: Lat. amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); air. ab (*aba) Gen. abae 'river', besides abann, cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, derived cymr. afanc 'beaver, water demon, dwarf', to mir. abac (*abankos) 'beaver, dwarf', schweiz.-frz. avañ 'pasture' (*abanko-); lett. FlN Abava.
The West German FlN in -apa, nhd.-affa, probably go back partly to usually lost westgerm. *ap-(idg. *ab-), partly in ven.-ill. ap- (idg. *ap-).
rum. apă 'water'
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.
See also: compare also āp-2 'water, river' and abō(n) 'ape'.
Page(s): 1
Root / lemma: ades-, ados- (*heĝh-)
English meaning: sort of cereal
German meaning: 'Getreideart, Spelt'
Grammatical information: n.
Material: Lat. ador, -ō̆ris n. 'a kind of grain, spelt', maybe in got. atisk (*ades-ko-) 'sowing field', probably m. as ahd. ezzisca Pl. 'sowing', mhd. dial. Esch, schweiz. dial. Aesch, 'field entrance of a village'; toch. AB āti 'grass' [ B atiyo (f.pl.) 'grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Toch. 641). about gr. ἀθήρ 'an ear of corn' see under andh-.
Perhaps Armenian: hat 'grain', Hittite: hattar n. 'cereal'
Note:
It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : 'sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *heĝh- 'a kind of grain'. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in germ. branch Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s-) was lost except in hitt. and arm. Clearly germ. tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced lat. (*hattar-) adŏris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.
Finally zero grade in alb. (*adō̆ris) *dris, drizë 'thorny plant', (*dris) drithë 'grain' where the lat. -is ending has been solidified.
The surprise is the phonetic mutation -ĝh- > -d- found only in av. - illyr.- balt. languages.
References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad-1 (*hed-)
English meaning: to, by, at
German meaning: 'zu, bei, an'
Material: Phryg. αδ-δακετ 'he does'; maked. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); lat. ad 'to, with, in', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac 'and in addition, and also, and' (*ad-que; not at + que; also umbr. ap 'in which place, in what place, where, when, after, since, although' chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), umbr. ař- preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk., osk. adpúd 'as far as', otherwise with s- extension osk. az 'to, toward' preposition m. Akk .; air. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur 'call upon, appeal to'), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: cymr. addiant 'longing', Admārus: air. már 'large'); cymr. â, with vowel ag 'with' (ad + ĝhe, Old Indian ha, not = lat. atque 'and, as well as, together with'); germ. *at preverb and preposition mostly with 'dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (got. westgerm. from the time, ags. also from the place), aisl. also with Gen.: got. at 'to, by', aisl. at 'to, by, against, after', ags. æt, as. at, ahd. az 'to, by, in'.
zero grade: ved. t-sárati 'creeps, creeps up', ahd. zagēn (: got. *-agan 'fear'), ahd. z-ougen, mhd. zōugen, as. t-ōgian compared with got. at-augjan 'with raised up eyes, point, show'.
References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.
See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad-2
English meaning: to establish, put in order
German meaning: 'festsetzen, ordnen'
Material: Umbr. arsie (*adio-) 'venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one', arsmor (*admon) 'a form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite', arsmatiam (*admatio-) 'relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual', armamu 'you shall be ordered, set in order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- 'settle, order'; air. ad n. 'law', Pl. ada 'ceremonious customs', from it Adj. 'lawful', adas 'proper', cymr. addas 'suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) 'duty, purpose'; probably also germ. *tila- 'suitable opportunity' in got. til n., ga-tils 'suitably', ags. til 'suitable, useful' as n. 'goodness, suitability' = ahd. zil 'purpose', preposition ags. aisl. til 'to, for'.
References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- (*heĝhero)
English meaning: water current
German meaning: 'Wasserlauf'
Note:
From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : 'snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-
: 'water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : 'lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : 'water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root / lemma: akʷā- 'water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : 'to flow, to wet; water, etc. '
Material: Avest. aδu 'water run, brook, canal', ven.-ill. FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po), *Aduli̯a> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula 'St. Gotthard' (probably named after the rivers streaming there), oberösterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Α᾽δρανός and ven.-ill. name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας; further lett. FlN Adula.
Note:
The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites. Atlas '*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there': Α῎τλας, -αντος m. 'Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world axis Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber ádrār 'mountain'.
Derivatives: Of it 'Ατλαντίς f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further 'Ατλαντικός (E., Pl., Arist. etc.) and 'Ατλάντειος (Kritias).
References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.
Page(s): 4
Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)
English meaning: disgusting
German meaning: 'widerwärtig'
Note:
Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) : 'disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos- : 'fault, sin' produced.
Material: Got. agls 'opprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō 'hardship', us-agljan 'press', ags. eg(e)le 'offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate', eglan add 'pain' (engl. ail 'hurt; indisposed his'), eglian 'to be felt painfully', mnd. egelen 'cause grief', got. aglus Adv. agluba 'δύσκολος, difficult'; also (with puzzling suffix) got. aglaitei f. -i n. 'licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense', ahd. agaleizi f.,-i n. 'discomfort; zeal', agaleizo, as. aglēto, agalēto Adv. 'sedulous, keen'.
Possibly here ow. aghá- (=av. aɣō-) 'nasty', n. 'horrible, damage', aghalá- ' bad'.
Here maybe to mir. ālad n. 'wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) 'painful', aeleu m. 'pain' (*aglou̯-).
References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)
English meaning: rainy weather
German meaning: etwa 'dunkle Wolke, regnerisches Wetter'
Material: Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς 'fog, darkness'
Maybe alb. agull 'bad vision'
Old Prussian aglo n. 'rain' (u- stem), arm. *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh 'darkness' (Meillet MSL. 10, 279).
References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Ar. and Arm. Stud. 126.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: agh- (*hegh-)
English meaning: to fear
German meaning: 'seelisch bedrückt sein, sich fürchten'
Material: Gr. ἄχος n. 'fear, pain, grief', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι 'grieving, sorrowing, mourning' (Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων 'mourning, groaning', ἀκαχίζω 'sadden'; here probably ἄχθος 'load, grief' (*ἀχτος), thereof ἀχθεσθαι 'to be loaded, be depressed'.
Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth 'fear' [common alb. -s > -th phonetic mutation].
Ags. ege m. 'fear', egisi-grima gl. 'ghost, spectre, evil spirit', n. es- stem *agiz = gr. ἄχος 'get a fright';
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - χ - phonetic mutation
compare ahd. egis-līh 'dreadful', egisōn 'get a fright' and to o- and en stems extended got. agis n. 'fear, anxiety, fright', ahd. agiso, egiso m., egisa f. 'fear, fright figure', ags. egesa m. 'fear'; anord. agi m. (-en- stem)'Fear', ahd. egī; mhd. ege f. 'fear, fright, punishment'; got. -agan in unḫagands 'are not afraid', af-agjan 'frighten', us-agjan 'frighten somebody', 'inḫagjan 'snub somebody'; preterit present got. ōg (ōgum) 'fears me', ni ōgs 'fear nothing' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), anord. ōa-sk 'be afraid'; got. ōgjan 'snub somebody' = anord. ægja 'get a fright'; anord. ōgn f. 'fright', ōtti m. 'fear', ags. ōga f. 'fright'.
Air. ad-agor,-agur 'fear' (because of the ablaut equality with got. ōg supposes Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun āigthiunder
References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.
See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)
Page(s): 7-8
Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-)
English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt
German meaning: 'Fehl, Schuld, Sünde'
Material: Old Indian ā́gas- n. 'offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. ἄγος 'heavy guilt, blood guilt'; Old Indian ánāgas-, gr. ἀναγής 'innocent, guiltless' ; ἀγής, ἐναγής 'curses', ἄγιος μιαρός.
ags. acan, ōc 'hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. äken 'hurt, fester, dent, blow', mndl. akel 'grief, wrong, pity', nfries. akelig, aeklig 'wretched, vehement'.
Maybe nasalized alb. (*ángas) nëkónj, geg. angój 'groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil' (*enq-); prove the link between Root / lemma: agos- : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury, sacrilege, evil)] and Root / lemma: enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]
Note: It is possible Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-): 'fault, sin, *blood guilt' is a zero grade of lat. sangue 'blood', alb. gjak 'blood' see Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s : 'sap, pitch, *blood'.
References: WP. I 38.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: agro- (egro-) (*hekuro-)
English meaning: top, first, beginning
German meaning: 'Spitze, oberstes, erstes, Anfang'
Material: Old Indian ágra- n. 'point', agrē (Lok.) 'at the top', also timewise 'in the beginning, first', agrimá- 'first', av. aɣra- 'first, uppermost after time space etc. ', n. 'beginning; the uppermost, point'; lett. agrs (Adj.) 'early', agri Adv. 'early, early on', agrums 'the early morning'.
maybe alb. agu 'dawn, morning, beginning of the day'.
Whether here lat. MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- 'breech birth (one who causes great pain at his birth', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 1721, in 1721, doubting Lat. Eig. 2305
If Old Indian ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur 'cliff summit, rock, crag'.
Maybe Agrianes Illyr. TN, Agron 'Illyrian king'.
References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hitt. 183.
Page(s): 8-9
Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī, aksī
English meaning: axe
German meaning: 'Axt'
Material: Got. aqizi, anord. øx, ags. acus, æx, as. acus, accus, ahd. achhus, accus, aches, nhd. Axt (germ. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī : *agusi̯ā́s), gr. ἰξός 'ax, hatchet'
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
lat. ascia 'ax of the carpenters' (from *acsiā like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsā).
maybe alb. (*asca) ashka 'shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk 'make thin, wither'.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4654.
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝh-
English meaning: plough animal
German meaning: 'trächtiges Tier'
Material: Old Indian ahī 'cow', av. azī f. Adj. 'pregnant' (from cows and mares), mir. ag (s- stem) m., f. 'bovine animal, cow', ag allaid 'deer' (actually, 'wild ox'), ál 'brood, throw' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw 'abundance, fertility', eilion (*agliones) 'fallow deer, horses'; here with e- vocalism arm. ezn 'bovine animal'
References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.
Page(s): 7
Root / lemma: aĝro-s
See also: s. aĝ-
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝ- (*heĝ-)
English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle
German meaning: 'treiben' (actually probably 'mit geschwungenen Armen treiben'), 'schwingen', in Bewegung setzen, führen'
Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.
Note:
old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: aĝō: Old Indian ájati 'drive', ajá- m. 'a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. 'running match, combat', av. azaiti 'drive, lead away', arm. acem 'lead, bring';
maybe alb. geg. (*ἄγω), ago 'leader, chief'; ag- 'dawn, beginning of the day', agon 'to dawn, start the day' : lat. ago agere egi actum 'to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive or hunt', agon -onis m. 'a contest in the public games', agonalia -ium and -orum n. 'a festival of Janus'.
gr. ἄγω'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), lat. agō 'to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate' (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), osk. Imper. actud = umbr. aitu 'agito', osk. acum 'agere', air. ad-aig (*aget) 'adigit', acymr. agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a (*aget) 'goes'; t- Preterit air. ro-da-acht 'driven away', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) 'to put in motion' etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, air. āin 'activity, play' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis 'big step', frz. andain 'swath, scythe slash', afrz. 'wide step', anord. aka 'driving' (Preterit ōk like Old Indian Gram. āja); ags. ac 'however, but, yet' (wörtl. 'go!' like lat. age); toch. B ak-, AB āk- 'travel, lead';
Maybe alb. ec- 'walk, travel on foot', vocative hec, eja 'come!'.
to- participle: ἀκτός, lat. āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, 'sent around (: air. imm-aig) messenger, servant' in gall. (-lat.) ambactus 'vassal, slave', cymr. amaeth 'servus arans' (from Kelt. derives got. andbahts, ahd. ambaht 'servant', from which the kinship with nhd. Amt).
As idg. Instrumental noun in-trā here Old Indian aṣ̌ṭrā 'goad to drive the livestock', av. aštrā 'whip, scourge'.
Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. 'zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- 'lead, guide, drive' (36).
lengthened grade formations: Old Indian ājí-ḥ m. f. 'race, fight', mir. āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) 'fight', āga, āige 'leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mārus = air. ágmar 'warlike'; Com-āgius), lat. only in compounds: ambāgēs, around 'a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity' (conservative stem like Old Indian áj-ē 'to lead' = lat. agī Inf. Pass., and like Old Indian aj- in pr̥tanā́j- 'in the fight pulling', however, with stretch in the composition), indāgēs and indāgo,-inis 'surrounding and driving of game', co-āgulum 'a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie', Old Indian samāja-ḥ 'meeting, society', gr. ἀγωγός 'leading, leadingly', ἀγωγή 'guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα 'spokes', στρατ-ηγός (see under). about dor. ἆγον (Old Indian ājam) 'I lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.
o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ 'activity, train; driver', gr. ἀγός 'leader, military leader', στρατ-ᾱγός, att. ion. στρατ-ηγός'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) 'leader', lat. prōdigo -igere -egi -actum 'to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus 'profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige' (from prōd-igere), abiga 'plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine' ('close to miscarriage' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indian apa-ájati 'to drive away, drive off').
i̯o- stem: ir. aige 'race', Old Indian in pr̥tanājyam 'competition'.
aĝmn̥, aĝmos: Old Indian ájman- n. 'road, train', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, about jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- 'earth'): lat. agmen 'a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen 'a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration'; then 'to check, to weigh; to consider' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) 'in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps'; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 49210) with o- graduation gr. ὄγμος 'field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing'.
lo- stem: Old Indian ajirá- 'quick, nimble' (however, lat. agilis 'flexible, nimble' is a neologism); gr. ἀγέλη 'herd, crowd', lat. agolum 'shepherd's stick'.
Gr. ἀγών 'race, competition'; ἄγυια'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια lat. agēa 'a gangway in a ship'; lak. kret. ätol. ἀγνέω 'leads, brings', ep. ion. ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην, also from an ī̆ ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about ἡγεμών see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5227 and under sāg-.
Lat. rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre 'a rower, oarsman' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably lat. indigitēs 'the local divinities and heroes' (indigitāre 'a divinity call', indigitāmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ' the indigenous, native'.
formation development to'to weigh' (from 'bring in oscillation') in lat. exagium 'a weighing, weight; a balance', exigere [ex + ago]'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things 'weigh, measure', exāctus 'precise, accurate, exact', exiguus 'strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) 'strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor', exāmen (see above), agīna 'the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves' (formation as for example coquīna), gr. ἄγειν also 'weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος 'weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s 'weight', actually:) 'from suitable weight', hence, 'worth, solemnly', ἀντάξιος'worth just as much as, equally'.
still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, āctus quadrātus 'a field measure of 120 feet in the square', and actūtum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith', agāsō 'footman, driver, hostler', agō, -ōnis 'of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning 'sacrifice'), agōnium 'a victim, beast for sacrifice' below likewise
Here maybe gall. exacum 'the herb centaury' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-'pure-craving'). But better to *ak̂- 'sharp', see there.
Further belong here:
aĝes-, ak̂s . . . '(fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder':
Old Indian ákṣ̌aḫḥ 'axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα 'carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217 f.);
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
lat. axis 'axis' = lit. ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .; ahd. ahsa, nhd. Achse, ags. eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from urg. *ahsulaz)'axis'; mir. ais 'axis' (*aksiḫlā in cymr. echel f. 'axis', bret. ahel).
Lat. āla 'shoulder', from which the usual meaning 'wing', from *agslā (cf Demin. axilla 'armpit') = in. ǫxl, ags. eaxl, ahd. ahsala, nhd. Achsel, where near lengthened grade ndl. oksel ds., and without l- formant: ahd. uochisa, mhd. uohse, üehse and ahd. uochsana, ags. ōxn 'armpit', in. ōst f., ōstr m. 'Cervical pit', ags. ōcusta, ōxta m., engl. oxter 'armpit'; av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. 'of both shoulders', arm. anut 'shoulder pit' (at first from *asnut ').
maybe zero grade in alb. geg. (*aksla-të) sqetla 'armpit'.
aĝḫrā 'rush, hunt', aĝḫroḫs 'driving, rushing':
Old Indian in ghasēḫajra- 'to drive consuming, exciting appetite', av. (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm 'doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf)'; gr. ἄγρᾱ, ion. ἄγρη 'hunt, catch', πάναγρος 'catching everything, catching', κρεάγρα 'meat tongs', πυράγρα 'tongs', ποδάγρα 'prostration, enuflection', Μελέαγρος originally name of a 'demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs' (?), ἀγρεύς 'hunter', ἀγρεύω 'catch'; but ἀγρέω 'take' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7271 from *ἁ-γρο-; ir. ār n. 'defeat' (*agron) 'battle, fight' (*agrā), actually, 'rush', acorn. hair 'destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity', abret. airou PI. 'an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage', gall. VN Veragri 'the immense combatants'.
maybe alb. Agron 'appellation of an Illyrian king'.
aĝḫroḫs 'field, camp' (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally 'place where the cattle is being driven, pasture').
Old Indian ájraḫḥ 'surface, camp, fields' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός 'field, land' (in contrast to town), lat. umbr. ager 'field', got. (etc.) akrs, ahd. ackar, ahhar, nhd. Acker (Acker and ags. æcer also a certain land measure, 'so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day'), arm. art 'field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak 's 'out', prefix arta-' from').
Old Indian ajríya- 'located in the plain' = gr. ἄγριος 'on the field, outside growing or living, wildly'; ἀγρότερος 'wildly living', lat. agrestis 'a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude'. (about got. akran, dt. Eckern, however, see under *ōg- 'grow'.)
maybe alb. egër 'wild, rural, crude', ager 'donkey (pulling a wagon)', illyr. TN Agrianes.
References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.
Page(s): 4-6
Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s (*hegʷh-no-s)
English meaning: 'lamb'
German meaning: 'Lamm'
Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos)
It seems that from Root / lemma: aĝ- : 'to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s : 'lamb'.
Material:
Note:
The old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- in PIE; only alb. and umbr. and Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through alb. ḫ- > k- phonetic mutation.
alb. geg. kinxh, tosk (*ḫegh-) qengj 'lamb' : umbr. habina(f) 'of a lamb' : lat. haedīnus 'of a kid' : Old Church Slavic: (j)agnę 'lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Gr. (*agʷnos, abnos) ἀμνός derived from an earlier *abnos 'lamb' [common gr. kʷ > p, gʷ > b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common illyr.-gr. phonetic mutation]
gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. 'lamb';
lat. agnus, - ī, fem.-a 'lamb' (agnīle 'sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo 'place where the sheep lamb', a derivative of the verb jagniti 'to lamb'); air. ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan 'lamb' (urk. *ognos with -gn- would have derived from *-gʷhn-, not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;
o- probably influence from *ou̯is 'sheep'); ags. ēanian, engl. to yean 'to lamb', ndl. oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = idg. *agʷhno-); Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ 'lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь 'lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed idg. *ōgʷ(h)no- : to *ǝgʷ(h)no-
Through the Germ. and Kelt. presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the basis of lat. and slav. forms, so that gr. ἀμνός (at first from *ἀβνός) remains the only dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If umbr. habina(f) 'of a lamb' could be explained from intersection from *hēdīno- = lat. haedīnus 'of a kid' and *abnīno- = lat. agninus 'of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, would point umbr. b to voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gʷh in Osk.-Umbr. to b.
Note:
Celtic Illyrian concordances: common illyr. -gʷ- > -b-, -d- : alb. -gʷ- > -d- phonetic mutation.
Lat. avillus 'lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos.
Note:
[common lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus) 'lambkin' : rum. (*agʷenus) ageamiu 'lamb'.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nas. i-n-dh- (*heu̯i-ĝh-)
English meaning: to burn
Note:
Common illyr. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation
German meaning: 'brennen, leuchten'
Material: Old Indian inddhḗ 'inflamed, is aroused' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m 'lighting'.
Gr. αἴθω 'lights, burns' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ 'igneously, sparkling', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα'loggia'; changing by ablaut κακ-ιθής Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
o-St.:gr. αἶθος m. 'fire' (αἰθός 'burntly') = Old Indian ēdha-ḥ ̣m. 'Firewood' = ags. ād, ahd. mhd. eit m. 'Glow, pyre': zero grade probably norw. schwed. id 'leuciscus idus' (a bright carp kind), cf nhd. dial. aitel 'leuciscus cephalus' as the 'shining'; besides u- stem *aidhu- in gall. VN Aedui, air. áed 'fire', also as MN; lat. aedēs 'a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple', ursprüngl. 'the domestic stove', also aedis = maked. ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.
From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably lat. aestās, - ātis 'warm season, summer' (from *aisto-tāt-, idg. *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) 'heat, glow, surf', aestuāre 'cook, surge, roar';
Maybe alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta 'autumn, harvest time (long summer)': Go. asans 'harvest time, summer' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta 'goddess of hearth and its sacred fire' was an Illyrian goddess, also alb. vatra (*vas-tra) 'hearth' with -tre suffix.
agerm. MN Aistomōdius ('with quick-tempered courage'), ags. āst f. 'dried stove', engl. oast 'drying room, drying loft'.
r- formants: gr. αἰθήρ 'the upper air' (maked. ἀδῆ), αἴθρα 'the cheerful sky' (maked. ἀδραιά), αἴθριος 'brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut ἰθαρός'cheerfully', Old Indian vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.
l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος 'soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from 'shining, appearing' 'too apparently' one puts a little bit constrainedly here ags. īdel 'vain, pointless, trifling', ahd. ītal, nhd. eitel.
In idg. *aidh-lo- is based germ. ail- in ags. ǣlan 'burn' to āl n. 'Flame', and in ags. ǣled m., aisl. eldr (Gen. elds) 'fire, flame'. From different development-grading ags. ǣled are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled 'from fire, stove' (M. Förster Themse 4872). Mir. āel 'lime' could have originated from *aidhḫlo-. However, could germ. and kelt. words be formed also directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.
s-formants: es-St. gr. αἴθος n. 'Glow, fire' = Old Indian ḗdhas- n. 'Firewood'.
Continuing formation: aisl eisa f. (*aidhḫsḫōn) 'fire', norw. 'Hearth', mnd. ēse f. 'chimney, fire stove' (however, ahd. essa 'chimney, hearth' see under ā̆s- 'burn'); av. aēsma m. 'Firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, cf without s Old Indian idhmáḫḥ m. ds.); in addition balt. *aismiā in lit. íesmė 'firewood'; lit. aistrà f. 'passion'; ačech. niestějě (fem. Pl.) 'stove', later nístěj (with n- suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъnḫěstěję, vъn-ěstějachъ, Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zro grades *idh-s-to- in slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. 'stove hole'; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indian iṣ̌ṭakā 'of burnt bricks', av. ištya- n. 'brick, (backed brick)'.
In *indh- goes back: alb. geg. idhunɛ, tosk. idhëtë 'bitter', tosk. idhɛrím 'bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë Pl. 'nettle' (Jokl studies 29).
Note:
Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- in : alb. geg. hidhun 'bitter', hithra 'nettle';
References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.
Probably to ā̆i-4.
Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .
Page(s): 11-12
Root / lemma: aid-
English meaning: 'swell'
German meaning: 'schwellen'
See also: s. oid-.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: aig-1, nas. ing-
English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill
German meaning: 'verstimmt, unwirsch, krank'
Material: Alb. kë-ék 'nasty, bad, evil' (from kë + *aigi̯o-);
Note:
Alb. solidified the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- (*ḫeigi̯o-) kë-ék, keq 'nasty, bad, evil' similar to abbreviated alb. (*ḫabeō) kam 'hold, possess, have', common alb. ḫ- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in corn. caf(f)os, cafes, mbret. caf(f)out, bret. kavout 'have'; also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata 'I held, possessed, had', see Root / lemma: ghabh- : to grab, take
lat. aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus 'unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble'; anord. eikenn dismays 'wild, furious', ags. ācol 'excited, dismayed', nnorw. eikja, eikla 'continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment', eikjen 'argumentative'; toch. В aik(a)re (= lat. *aegro-), A ekro 'ill';
nasalized: *ing-: lit. ìngis 'lounger, idler', ìngas and angùs 'idle, sluggish';
lett. îgstu, îgt 'have internal pain, be sullen, morose', îgnêt 'have disgust', îgnis 'sullen person' (lit. éngti 'choke, torment' probably stays away); Old Church Slavic jędza 'illness', nslov. jeza 'rage', poln. jędza 'fury, witch' ('gruff, sullen'), čech. jezinka 'forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigā, is consequently to be led back also:) russ. bába jagá 'witch' (s. Brückner KZ. 45, 318);
aisl. ekki 'pain, grief' = ags. inca 'pain, suspicion, quarrel', afries. inc (d. i. jinc)'angry', also nengl. inkle 'anticipate, foresee', inkling 'whispering, notion, indication, sign'.
References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-2
English meaning: oak
German meaning: 'Eiche'
Material: Gr. αἰγίλωψ 'an oaken kind' (see under), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών 'an uncertain type of tree' (possibly 'hard oak').
The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός 'bowl, bark' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.
Anord. eik (conservative stem) f. 'oak', as. ēk, ags. āc (engl. oak), ahd. eih, mhd. eich, eiche, nhd. Eiche;
All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly'aspen' could be created as' tree trembler, (*oak shaker)' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω 'swing, tremble' (: *aig- 'move violently');
lat. aesculus '(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak' (*aig-sklos) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.
Maybe alb. geg. (*asi) ahi '*oak, beech' [the common alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- Meaning: 'mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr 'father-in-law').
Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k- : 'ash tree (alb. ahi 'beech')' must have derived from Root / lemma: aig-2 : 'oak (alb. ahu 'oak')'.
References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-3
English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate
German meaning: '(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren'
Material: Old Indian ējati 'stirs, moves, trembles', ējathuḫḥ ̣ 'the quake of the earth', vic̨vamējaya- 'making everything shake', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate 'stirs, moves', Kaus. iŋgáyati 'sets in motion, touches, shakes', udiŋgayati 'swings', samiŋgayati 'sets in shaking movement' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indian indhate);
from Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs 'in the surf of the sea'; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς 'gale, storm cloud;
the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς 'gust of wind moving down suddenly' from καταιγίζειν 'storm, attack down, drive off' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν 'attack near, thrust near'; probably also αἰγανέη'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον 'the catapults' or'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.
Hence Root / lemma: aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing, vibrate).
in addition germ. name of the squirrel: ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn, mhd. eichorn (nhd. Eichhorn with support of Eiche 'oak' and Horn 'horn', ags. ācweorna,-wern, mnd. ēkeren, ēkhorn, anord. īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition), neunorw. also eikorne, aschwed. ēkorne (was based on the concept 'flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch'; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- 'squirrel, weasel' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna); aksl Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra 'play', igrati, perfective vъzigrati 'σκιρτα̃ν, hop, jump, dance' (from *ьgrа; lit. with Berneker 422).
References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.
Page(s): 13-14
Root / lemma: aiĝ-
English meaning: goat
Note:
Root / lemma: digh- : 'goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : 'to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : 'to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : 'goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : 'goat' [common balt. - illyr. - alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto illyr.
German meaning: 'Ziege'
Material: Gr. αἴξ, - γός'nanny goat', arm. aic 'nanny goat'; zero grade av. izaēna- 'from leather' (actually, 'from goatskin' as gr. αἴγειος, cf the same importance relations with *aĝo- 'goat').
References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aigʷh-
English meaning: to be ashamed
German meaning: 'sich schämen'
Material: Directly from the root word: ags. ǣwan 'despise','be disgusted' also mnd.eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn) (from it borrows mhd. ekeln 'be disgusted').
Gr. αἶσχος n. 'disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s-St. *aigʷhes-, as:) got. aiwiski n. 'disgrace, embarrassment'; cf further αἰσχύνη 'shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω 'dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. 'avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός 'ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; got. unaiwisks 'unharmed', aiwiskōn act 'shameful', ags. ǣwisc(e) n. 'disgrace, offense', Adj. 'shameless', mnd. eisch 'nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch 'revolting, rebarbative'.
References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.
Page(s): 14
Root / lemma: aik-
English meaning: to call (?)
German meaning: 'anrufen' (?)
Material: Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes., lett. aîcinât 'load, shout'.
But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει 'flatters', and aîcinât a derivative from aĩ 'hears!' explain (cf vaicāt 'ask' to vai).
References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.
Page(s): 15
Root / lemma: ai-2
English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm
German meaning: 'worauf eindringen, treiben, überwältigen, kränken'
Material: present *(a)iḫneuḫmi : Old Indian inóti, ínvati, Imper. inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- 'pushed, cut into'), 'penetrate into something, master', av. inaoiti, Inf. aēnaŋhe 'violate, hurt', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) 'not violated, not painedly' (from ai énas- n. 'Crime, sin, misfortune' = av. aēnah- 'act of violence, crime', in addition m. 'evildoer'?), av. intay-' rape, injury; torture', Old Indian iná- 'strong; m. master', maybe also ītiḫḥ f. 'plague, need'; gr. αἰνός 'tremendous';
maybe alb. inati 'anger; ire; rage; dander; dudgeon; rampage; down; disappointment; malice; blood; rancour; rancor; pique; spunk; miff; temper; must'.
maybe here-in- in got. faír-ina 'guilt, reproach', ahd. firinōn 'sin', aisl. firn n. Pl. 'the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) 'act of violence'.
References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.
Page(s): 10
Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-, heiu̯ā)
English meaning: to give
German meaning: 'geben, zuteilen', about mediales 'sich geben lassen' dann also 'nehmen'
Note:
From the reduced Root / lemma: ghabh- : 'to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : 'to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : 'comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : 'to give'.
Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫeḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na 'us' + ep 'give') 'give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) 'take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω 'give a hand.
Material: Gr. αἴνυμαι 'take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.
Note:
Gr. αἴνυμαι derived from a reduced (*heiu̯ān-); compare the formation gr. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα 'service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu̯ā) = lat. ūva 'a grape, berry of the vine'; [see Root / lemma: ei-3 : 'multicoloured; reddish']
Also illyr. (*avetor) Aetor : Ven. (*avimos) Aimos suffixed with the common satem -tar formant as IE roots are suffixed with -tar or -ska formants. Tocharian cognate belongs to the (-ts <*-tska) suffixed roots.
Ven. MN Aimos, illyr. MN Aetor.
Maybe alb. (*ḫ-eip) geg. ep, tosk. jap 'I give' : Lycian pije, pibije 'to give' : Hittite pai, pija 'to give' alb. j- stands for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
hett. pí(-ia)-an-'they give' : mess. pi-do 'to give' are zero grades of Root / lemma: ai-3 : 'to give'
Note:
The old laryngeal ḫ- could have been created from balt.-illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation.
Root / lemma: dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du- : 'to give' > Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-) : 'to give'
Lat. (*ave-mulus) ae-mulus 'emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst., a rival, esp. in love', probably as 'reaches for something' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).
Toch. В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi 'give'; hett. paḫaḫi 'he gives', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-anḫzi with preverb pe 'there'.
Note:
Toch. В ai-, А е -, infinitive В aitsi, А essi 'give' display the common Toch. ts > ss mutations.
References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-germ. 10 f.
See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-
Page(s): 10-11
Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-
English meaning: important speech
German meaning: 'bedeutsame Rede' (?)
Material: Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω 'praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. 'significant speech, praise'; αἰνίσσομαι 'talks in riddles', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; αἰνιγμα n. 'dark speech' (however, ἀν-αίνομαι 'says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);
ablaut, mir. ōeth m. 'oath' (acymr. anutonou Pl., gl. 'the perjured, the perfidious', ncymr. anudon 'perjury, act of lying under oath') = got. aiÞs m., aisl. eiðr, ags. āÞ, as. ēđ, ahd. eid m. 'oath' (probably kelt. Lw.).
References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-rā
English meaning: a k. of grass
German meaning: 'Grasart'
Note:
Root / lemma: ai-rā : 'a k. of grass' is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root / lemma: ai-tro- : 'bitter, sharp'.
Material: Old Indian ērakā 'a grass kind', gr. αἶρα 'weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel' αἰρικός, αἴρινος 'from ryegrass, darnel'), lett. aĩres, aĩrenes 'ryegrass, darnel'.
maybe through metathesis alb. (*aĩres > ēser) egjër 'Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].
References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 2061.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: aisk-
English meaning: bright, shining
German meaning: 'klar, hell, leuchtend'
Material: Awnord. eiskra 'rage before hot excitement', nisl. iskra also from burning pain.
Lit. áiškus, where beside zero grade alit. iškùs 'clear, bright'.
Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka 'bright star', beside it abg. jasno Adv. 'clear, bright, distinct', russ. jásnyj 'light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy 'blinding, dazzling, brilliant' from *aiskro-; abg. iskra 'spark' etc. from *iskrā.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*aiskno-) shkëndijë 'spark' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation].
Also alb. zero grade (*jaskry), shkrinj 'melt, burn', participle *scrum > shkrumb 'ashes' [common alb. m > mb shift] loaned in rum. scrum 'ashes'.
Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka 'bright star', besides abg. jasno Adv. 'clear, distinct', russ. jásnyj 'bright, clear' from *aiskno; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy 'brilliant, sparkling' from *aiskro; abg. iskra 'spark' etc. from *iskrā.
Here the FlN nhd. Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl. Axe from kelt. or ven.-ill. *Aiskā.
Maybe alb. (*aiskā) eshkë 'mushroom (when dried used to kindle the fire)' related to lat. esca -ae f. 'food, victuals, esp. as bait',
References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.
See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk-, or from *ai-sk- in ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 16-17
Root / lemma: ais-1
English meaning: to wish for, search for
German meaning: 'wünschen, begehren, aufsuchen'
Note:
The Root / lemma: ais-1 : 'to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-2 : 'to drive, to overwhelm, harm'
Material: Old Indian ḗšati 'looks', ēṣ̌áḫḥ m. 'wish, choice', anv-iṣ̌áti 'looks for = av. išaiti 'wishes', Old Indian iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) 'looks, wishes' = av. isaiti ds., Old Indian icchā 'wish', iš ̣ (2. compound part) 'searching, striving after' = av. iš ds., f. 'Wish, the object of the wish', Old Indian iṣ̌ta- ' desiredly' ī̆ṣ̌má- m. 'Love God';
arm. aic ̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) 'investigation'; umbr. eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) 'they will have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched' (probably as *eh-iscurent 'they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled');
Maybe zero form in alb. (*assa-) shanj 'curse, blame'.
lat. aeruscāre 'to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to play the juggler' as *aisos-k̂o- 'demanding' to av. Imp. išasā 'longs for' (-esk̂o- besides -sk̂o-: isaiti 'wishes'); ahd. eiscōn 'research, ask, demand, (nhd. heischen 'demand' with h after heissen 'hot'), as. ēscōn, ēscian 'demand', ags. āscian, āxian 'try, demand, ask', ahd. eisca 'demand', ags. æsce f. 'investigation';
in Balt.-Slav. with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards ar. arm. -sk̂-), what is not to be explained by borrowing from the Germ.; lit. íeškau, ieškóti 'look', lett. iẽskât 'to delouse', Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati 'look', iska 'wish'.
References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ais-2
English meaning: to be in awe, to worship
German meaning: 'ehrfürchtig sein, verehren'
Note:
The Root / lemma: ais-2 : 'to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-3 : 'to give'
Material: Ahd. ēra, nhd. Ehre, ags. ār 'Relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck', anord. eir 'considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess'; of it ahd. ērēn, ērōn 'honor, spare, betake', ags. ārian 'honor, spare, betake', anord. eira 'spare'.
Osk. aisusis Abl. Pl. 'sacrifices', marruc. aisos D. Pl. 'gods', pälign. aisis 'gods', volsk. esaristrom 'sacrifice', umbr. esono- 'divine, sacred', come from Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.
d- extension: gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) 'shies, reveres', αἰδώς, -οῦς 'reverence, shyness, shame', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) 'αἴδομαι'; got. aistan, -aida 'avoid, pay attention'; zero grade Old Indian īḍḗ 'reveres, praises, implores'.
References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-
English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution
German meaning: 'Anteil'
Coments:
Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : 'part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : 'to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.
Material: Av. aēta- 'the proper part'(' punishment'; dual 'guilt and punishment').
Gr. αἶσα (*αἰτι̯α) 'interest, destiny', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα 'the proper interest', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος 'promising good talent, favorabe', αἴσιος 'certain from the destiny, proper', ἀναισιμόω 'apply, use, consume', αἰσυμνάω 'dispenses justice, it rules';
διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) 'be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking', hence, δίαιτα' referee's office' and 'life-style, life arrangement', ἔξαιτος 'well-chosen, particular'.
Osk. Gen. aeteis 'partis', aíttíúm 'portionum'.
From Gr. here probably also αἴτιος 'responsible, guilty' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later αἰτία 'guilt, cause'; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω'demands' as 'requires his interest'; ablaut. οἶτος m. 'Destiny'.
Air. āes n., cymr. oes f. 'period, age' from *aitḫto-, air. āes m. 'People' from *ait-tu-, cymr. oed m. 'Age' from *aito.
References: WP. I 2, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-tro-
English meaning: [bitter, sharp]
German meaning: [bitter, scharf]
Coments:
Root / lemma: ai-tro- : 'bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : 'to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.
Material: lit. aitrùs 'bitterly, harsh', aitrà f. 'sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal formation *intro- perhaps in abg. ob-ętriti 'set on fire', o. sę 'burn, be quick-tempered', wru. zajátřič 'anger', klr. roz-jatrýti ša 'fester'.
Maybe alb. hithrë 'nettle, throny plant'. Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.
See also: perhaps in ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 17
Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u-
English meaning: 'vital energy, vitality'
Material: Old Indian ā́yu- n., a nominalized adjective to āуú- 'flexibe, active'; āyú-ḥ m. 'Genius of the vitality', thereof derived s-stem ā́yuḥ n., Gen. āyušaḥ 'vitality' (*ā́iu̯os, Gen. *ai̯usḫés); n-stem in the locative. āyuni, Instr. āyunā; yúh ̣'vitality';
av. āyū n. 'Life span', Gen. yaoš, dat. yavōi, Instr. yavā, of it yavaētāt- 'duration', yavaējī- 'living always'; yuš m. 'Life span';
Gr. s-stem: kypr. υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. lakon. αἰές'always'; hom. αἰεί, att. ἀεί (*αιFεσι), Akk. att. αἰῶ (*αιFοσα); Dat.-Lok. without extension in ion. αἰί, lesb. ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος'forever', δην-αιός'long-living'); n-stem: αἰών m. (and f. after αἰώς) 'vitality, life span', αἰέν'always';
alb. eshë 'period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse' from *aiu̯esi̯ā (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);
lat. o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. 'eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period of life'; however, are based aetas f. 'age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age, a period of time, epoch', old aevitas (from it osk. Gen. aítateís, Akk. aítatúm, päl. Abl. aetatu) 'age, time of life', aeternus 'of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless, forever' in adverbial *aiu̯i.
maybe zero grade in alb. (*aetas), jetë 'life, lifespan'.
Got. o-stem aiws m. 'time, eternity, world'; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i) = aisl. æ, ei (also in ei-gi 'not'), ags. ā, ō, ahd. io 'ever, always', got. ni aiw 'never', ahd. neo, nio, nhd. nie; ags. n-ā, engl. no 'not, no';
maybe alb. (*nio) jo 'not, no'.
aisl. lang-ǣr = lat. longaevus 'of great age, aged, ancient'; i-stem also in aisl. ǣfi, ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) 'life, age'; ā-stem in ahd. ēwa f. 'time, eternity', thereof ahd. ēwidō 'eternity', ēwīg 'forever'; got. aju-k-dūÞs f. 'eternity' from *ajuki- (= ags. ēce 'forever'), with idg. g-suffix + idg.-tūti;
toch. A āym- 'mind, life' which m attributed to āñm- 'life'.
References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.
See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en- (i̯eu̯-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquely be put in addition *aig-, oak' (= 'vitality'?).
Page(s): 17-18
Root / lemma: ai 1
English meaning: 'exclamation'
German meaning: Ausruf
Material: Old Indian ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;
Old Indian ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;
av. āi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);
gr. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof αἰάζω 'sighs, deplores', αἴαγμα'Sigh');
lit. aĩ and ái 'oh! blows!' and before vocatives.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.
See also: see also *aik-.
Page(s): 10
Root / lemma: ai̯os-
English meaning: 'metal (copper; iron)'
German meaning: 'Metall', under zw. probably 'Kupfer ('brandfarbig'?), Bronze'; im Arischen also 'Eisen'
Note:
Root / lemma: ai̯os- : 'metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root / lemma: eis-1 : 'to move rapidly, *weapon, iron'.
Material:
Old Indian áyas- n., av. ayaŋh- n. 'metal, iron';
lat. aes, g. aeris; got. aiz (proto germ. *a(i̯)iz- = idg. *ai̯es-) 'copper ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle', ahd. ēr 'ore', anord. eir n. 'ore, copper'.
thereof av. ayaŋhaēna- 'metallic, iron', lat. aēnus (*ai̯es-no- = umbr. ahesnes 'of copper, of bronze'), aēneus, ags. ǣren, as. ahd. mhd. ērīn, nhd. ēren (ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is not idg. ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja), the old name of Cyprus, as lat. cuprum : Κύπρος, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.
Note:
Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja) (Cyprus) : Hittite PN Wilusa (gr. reading Ilios) [common phonetic mutation of the old laryngeal ḫ- > a-, i-] : gall. Isarno- PN, ven. FlN'I σάρας, later Īsarcus, nhd. Eisack (Tirol); urir. PN I(s)aros, air. Īär, balkanillyr. iser, messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.); kelt. FlN Isarā, nhd. Isar, Iser, frz. Isère; *Isiā, frz. Oise; *Isurā, engl. Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161); nhd. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller, lett. FlN Isline, Islīcis, wruss. Isɫa, alb. VN Illyrii.
Here lat. aestimō, old aestumō 'to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge', Denomin. from *ais-temos 'he cuts the ore' (to temnō).
References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.
See also: To ā̆i-4 'burn'?
Page(s): 15-16
Root / lemma: akkā
English meaning: 'mother (children's speech)'
German meaning: 'Mutter' (Lallwort)
Material: Old Indian akkā 'mother' (gram.), gr. ᾽Ακκώ 'nurse of Demeter', ἀκκώ' ghost', ἀκκίζεσθαι 'be coy, position oneself stupidly', lat. Acca Lārentia 'Laren mother, Roman hall goddess' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp. Madder-akka 'earth mother'.
Maybe alb. Ajkuna 'great mother' in alb. epos.
References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about toch. ammaki see under am(m)a.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-)
English meaning: 'sharp; stone'
German meaning: 'scharf, spitz, kantig' and 'Stein'
Material: 1. e/o- and ā-St:
Npers. ās (lengthened-grade form) 'millstone, grindstone'; gr. ἀκή 'point', lengthened-grade form ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἠκμή Hes., redupl. ἀκωκή 'point, edge' (as ἀγωγή : ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs ἀκούω 'hears' as *ἀκ-ους- 'having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. athëtë 'sharp, sour',
Note:
In alb. athëtë (*ake-) 'sharp, sour' + common alb. suffix -të [common alb. -k > -th phonetic mutation as in alb. (*mag-) math 'big'].
lat. acēre 'sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill; of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous, energetic', acidus 'sour, acid, tart', acētum 'vinegar';
maybe alb. acar 'frost, sharp steel'.
with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin 'sharpen the millstone', cymr. hogi 'sharpen', acymr. ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn 'whetstone' (with the unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); mc. cyfogi 'vomit, fight', with secondary i̯o-suffix acymr. cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o-)' pickaxe';
with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc (*dēḫāk̂o-)'decayed, spoiled', mcymr. ym-am-ogawr (*-āk̂āḫr) 'one stirs, is active' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug, nbret. eok 'ripe, made soft' (*eks-āk̂o-), to gall. exācum 'centaurion lepton' (Ernault Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;
schwed. ag m. 'marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ak̂o ́-), mhd. ag 'perch', egle, eglinc ds., nhd. schweiz. egel, Demin. egli, aschwed. agh-borre ds., maybe also schwed. agg 'rancor, hatred', agga 'sting, torment', norw. dial. agge 'tooth, point' (*ak̂uko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with secondary germ. vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko- with assimilation a in u?) norw. dial. ugg 'sting, frightening', schwed. dial. ugg 'point, tooth', anord. uggr 'fear', norw. dial. ugge 'fin'; lit. akúotas* 'awn', ãšaka (*ak̂o-kā) 'fish bone, bran' = wruss. osoka 'sedge', аpr. ackons (*ak̂ōno-) ds.
maybe (*esel), egjër 'Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic mutation], zero grade in alb. (*osoka-) shqirë 'sedge'.
----------------------
*baltoslav. forms with k prove none idg. beside the form ak-, but is partially loanword from Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15.
----------------------
2. i- and j- stems:
Arm. aseɫn 'needle' (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. ἀκίς, -ίδος 'point, sting'; lat. aciēs 'keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence battle, battlefield'; as. eggja f., ahd. etc ekka 'point, sword edge', nhd. Ecke (proto germ. *aʒi̯ō, anord. egg 'edge, cliff backs', eggja 'sharpen, spur on', ags. ecg 'edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows mir. ecg 'edge', nbret. ek 'point'), egle Pl. 'awns', engl. ails; Old Church Slavic osla (*osъla), russ. osëɫok m. 'whetstone', čech. osina f. 'awn'.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*askel), halë 'needle, fishbone, awn', [common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation], older alb. (*haskel) hakël 'needle, fishbone' : lat. aculeus -i m. 'sting, point; fig., esp. in plur., painful thoughts, cutting remarks'. It seems alb. [together with cymr. hogi 'sharpen', ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn 'whetstone'] has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
about ags. eher 'ear' see under s- formant.
3. u-stem:
Gr. ἄχυρον 'chaff' see under s-formant; lat. acus, - ūs f. 'needle; fish name', acuere 'sharpen', acūmen 'sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect; cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i̯ā) 'thread to the sewed', aquifolium (beside ācrifolium) 'holly', aculeus 'sting', accipiter 'hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter 'quick-flying');
Maybe alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull 'ice, sharp ice', (*accipiter) skifter 'falcon, hawk', skip(ë)tar 'eagle-man', truncated skipe, shkabë 'eagle', suffixed geg. Shkipni 'land of the eagles'.
From lat. aquila -ae f. 'an eagle; milit., an eagle as the standard of a Roman legion; architect., gable or pediment'. aquilo -onis m. 'the north wind; the north'. aqua -ae f. 'water' it seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).
gall. acaunum (*akounon) 'rock'; ill. ONAcumincum today Szlankamen 'salt stone' (Banat);
Note: ill. PN Acu-mincum 'salt stone' : alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull 'ice, sharp ice'.
nhd. Achel f. 'ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from idg. *ak̂uḫlā; ags. āwel m. 'fork', anord. soð-āll 'meat fork' (germ. *ahwala-, idg. *ák̂u̯ḫolo-); if here gallo-lat. opulus 'common maple' (Marstrander, Corr. germ.-celt. 18), would be placed idg. *ok̂u̯-olo- ; about anord. uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about ags. éar see s-formant; cymr. ebill 'drill', mbr. ebil 'peg, nail' (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);
Note:
The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, lat. and gr.
balt. *ašus in lett. ass 'sharp, pointed', lit. ašutaĩ m. Pl. 'coarse horse hair' = slav. *ošuta m. 'Thistle' in Church Slavic оsъtъ, russ. osót. On account of here toch. A āc̨āwe 'rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?
see under *ōk̂u-s 'fast (sharp in the movement)'.
4. With m-formant:
ak̂mo-/-ā
Gr. ἀκμή 'point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point' (ἀκμήν Adv., ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω); schwed. dial. åm 'marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (germ. *ahma-, compare finn. Lw. ahma 'equisetum').
ak̂-men-/-mer-
Old Indian aśman- n. 'Stone, sky' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), aśmará- 'stone', av. asman-'stone, sky' (Old Indian Gen. áśnaḥ, Instr. áśnā, av. Gen. ašnō, Abl. ašnāat̃ with -n- from -mn-; Instr. Pl. Old Indian aśnāih ̣ after o-stem); phryg. PN ᾽Ακμονία; gr. ἄκμων' anvil', ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός; lit. ãšmens m. Pl. 'Edge', akmuõ, -eñs m. 'stone'.
5. With n-formant:
ak̂en-
Old Indian aśáni-ḥ 'head of the arrow, missile'; av. аsǝŋgа-, Old pers. aϑanga- 'stone' (*akḫenḫgo, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. ἄκαινα 'point, sting; longitudinal dimension' (however, about lat. acuna 'a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), ἀκόνη 'whetstone', ἄκων, - οντος 'spear' (for older ἄκων, *-ονος after the participles), ἀκοντίζω 'throw the spear', ἄκανος 'thistle kind, prickly head plant', ἀκανίζειν 'fruit carry prickly heads', ἄκανθος 'thistle' (from *ἀκαν-ανθος 'sting flower'), ἄκανθα 'thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish', ἀκαλανθίς' goldfinch' (from *ἀκανθαλίς), ἄκαθος 'barque', ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον 'woman's shoe' (*ak̂nṭo-, probably from the pointed form); lat. agna 'ear of grain' (from *ak̂nā); got. ahana f. 'chaff', anord. ǫgn, ags. egenu f. and äegnan Pl., ahd. agana ds., nhd. Ahne, dial. Agen 'stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (germ. *ag-, *ahanō, idg. *ak̂ǝnā); lit. žem. ašnìs 'edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing', lett. asns m. 'germ bursting out'.
6. With r-formant:
ak̂er-, ok̂er-
Note:
Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer-
Air. a(i)cher 'sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham) not lat. Lw .; abret. acer-uission 'with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl. 'sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; lit. ašerỹs, ešerỹs 'river perch'; pol. dial. jesiora (from *aserā); anord. ǫgr ds. (from proto germ. *agura-, idg. *ok̂r̥-o-), westnorw. augur (from *ǫ̣gurr, newer development from ǫgr), influenced from auga 'eye',
From the extension of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): 'sharp; stone' with r-formant derived the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer- whose zero grade produced alb. (*k̂ʷerna), gurrë 'stream' [common alb. rn > rr shift], (*k̂ʷer-) gur 'stone';
Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):
lat. acer, -eris n. 'the maple tree or maple wood' (from acer arbor became vlat. acerabulus, Meyer-Lübke REW. 93), dän. ær ds. (germ. *ahira-); nhd. dial. Acher ds. (germ. *ahura-);
gr. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος, meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος; to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos 'maple' (Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); ahd. ahorn 'maple'
(from schweiz. and other oral kinds would devop certainly ā -, however, ā -would have arisen also of people's etymological distortion, like mnd. ānhorn, ālhorn;ahorn (idg. *ak̂rno-) is up to the declension class = ἄκαρνα, while lat. acernus 'of maple' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.
Rather that counts for gr. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) 'yellow thistle kind' ἄκανος ds., maybe here also ἄκορος 'Kalmus', ἄκορον 'his spicy root', compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. 'odoriferous flower', ὤκιμον 'basil' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).
ak̂ri-, ak̂ro-
Old Indian áśrih ̣ 'corner, edge, border', catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ 'square'; gr. ἄκρος 'sharply', ἄκρον, ἄκρα, ἄκρις 'point, mountaintops' (also in ἀκροάομαι as 'have sharp hearing, sharpen the ear', and ἀκρίς, -ίδος 'grasshopper', short form for ἀκροβατοῦσα 'tiptoe', ἀκρίζουσα; ἀκρεμών 'point of the boughs', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 241);
lat. (to ā see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ācer, ācris,-e (alat. ācra, -um) 'sharp, piercing, penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', osk. akrid 'sharply, fiercely, keenly', umbr. peracri- 'fat, plump, corpulent' (= lat. perācer 'very sharp', compare to meaning gr. ἄκρος, also 'uppermost, excellent', and ἀκμαῖoς), lat. acerbus 'acidic, sad, harsh, bitter, unripe' (from *ăcri-bho-s); compare gall. AXPOTALVS 'with high forehead', air. ēr 'high' (from *akros); lit. ašrùs, aštrùs, alit. aštras, Old Church Slavic ostrъ 'sharp' (t - interpolated wording).
Maybe alb. geg. (*akri) hakërronj 'threaten, frighten'.
ok̂ri-, ok̂ro-
With shading o-: gr. ὄκρις f. 'sharp' mountain point, corner, edge', alat. ocris m. 'rough mountain', lat. mediocris 'average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary', actually 'to be found halfway up' (here ablaut could be displayed in the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea 'splint, a greave, legging', umbr. ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer 'mountain, castle mountain', marr. ocres 'a mountain, mount, range of mountains', mir. och(a)ir 'corner, edge', from it borrows cymr. ochr 'edge'.
To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g), *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined with it) compare above ak̂men/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Κράγος 'name of different mountains', ᾽Ακράγ-ας the'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally 'rocks, stones'.
7. With s-formant:
ak̂es- : ak̂s-
Gr. ἄχνη 'chaff' from *ak̂-sḫnā, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of *ἄκυρον; gr. ἀκοσ-τή'Barley' ('awned, bristly', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. ἠκές ὀξύ, Hes. πυρι-ήκης 'with igneous point', ἀμφήκης 'two-edged', τανύηκης 'with long point' (maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές; however, lies lengthened grade *āk- also before in ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή Hes., ἠκάδα ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή 'climax of life').
maybe zero grade in alb. (*ἀκοσ - τή) kash-të 'chaff (*barley)' where -të is the neuter ending, (*ἄχνη), sanë 'chaff'.
additional formations in gr. ὀξύς 'sharp', compare to formation lit. tamsùs to Old Indian tāmas-, lit. tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη 'harrow' Hes.), ὄξος 'wine vinegar'. - Also *ἀκαχμένος 'sharpened' seems to be *ἀκ-ακσ-μένος, Hirt IF. 12, 225.
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
Lat. acus,-eris 'a needle' acervus (*aces-vo-s) 'a heap, mass; in logic, argument by accumulation'; got. ahs Gen. *ahsis n., aisl. ax n., ahd. ahir, ehir n. (germ. *ahiz), from the Pl. nhd. 'ear of corn' f., but ags. ear (*ahuz), dat. Sg. nordhumbr. æhher, eher ds. (about the coexistence from i-, u- and s-stems, partly already idg., but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Idg. Dekl. 152. On account of originally idg. -es- or -is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide. compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.)
ak̂-sti-
Cymr. eithin m. Pl. 'gorse, furze' (*akstīno-), from it borrows mir. aittenn ds. (with unclear sound gradation); lit. akstìs following'smoked spit' (= russ. ostъ 'point, ear, spike'), ãkstinas m. 'Sting, spur' = Old Church Slavic ostъnъ m. 'Sting', čech. osten ds.
maybe alb. (*osten) hosten 'stick for driving cattle' [alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- so this cognate is not a Slavic loanword], zero grade (*ak̂-sti-) heshtë 'spear', [lat. hasta 'spear, sting']. alb. suggests that Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti-): (sharp; stone)
8. With t- formant:
Old Indian apāṣ̌ṭhá- m. (from *apaḫaśḫtha) 'barb in the arrow'; gr. ἀκτή 'gruff coast with breaker; headland, elevation'; toch. В āc ̨-, āc̨c̨e-' head, beginning' (from *ak̂ḫt-).
Note:
Again there has been the shift gr. kw > p in Old Indian
ok̂etā 'harrow, device with points':
Lat. occa 'harrow' from *otika by rearrangement from *okitā (Hirt IF. 37, 230) compare different formations gr. ὀξίνη 'harrow';
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
acymr. ocet, corn. ocet, bret. oguet: ahd. egida, mhd. eg(e)de, ags. eg(e)de f. (nhd. Egge renewed from the verb eggen from ahd. egen, ecken, proto germ. *agjan, on its part only from the Subst. *agiđō revert formation);
lit. akė́čios, ekė́čios 'harrow', Old Prussian aketes 'harrows', ē instead of e derives from the verb *akēi̯ō in lit. akė́ju, akė́ti, besides akė́ju, ekė́ti; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).
References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62, 210 ff. (unglaubhaft).
See also: S. under *ok̂-tōu 'eight', actually 'both points of the hands (without thumb)'.
zero grades k̂- stuck probably in stems k̂emen-, k̂emel-, k̂ōmen- 'stone, skies', k̂omor- 'stone hammer', k̂ēi-, k̂ōi-, k̂ǝi- 'sharpen, whet', k̂ū̆- 'sharp, spit, spear'.
Page(s): 18-22
Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-)
English meaning: 'to eat'
German meaning: 'essen'
Note:
From Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): 'sharp; stone' derived Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-): 'to eat'
Material: Old Indian aśnāti (inserted Inf. aśi-tum etc.) 'eats, consumes', áśanam n. 'food', áśna-ḥ 'greedy', lengthened grade āśayati 'allows to dine', prātar-āśa-ḥ 'breakfast'; av. kahrk-āsa 'chicken eater = vulture' etc.;
gr. ἄκυλος f. 'acorn' (as 'food', compare formally Old Indian aśú-ṣa-ḥ 'greedy'), ἄκολος 'bite';
Maybe alb. ha 'eat, bite, consume' : ἄκολος 'bite';
Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): 'sharp; stone' : Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*ḫek-): 'to eat'.
Note:
Only gr. and alb. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-
an. agn n. 'bait for fish' (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja 'allow to graze' (*ahjan).
References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.
Page(s): 18
Root / lemma: ak̂ru
English meaning: 'tear'
German meaning: 'Träne'
Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram 'tear', av. asrū- n., lit. ašara ̀ and ãšara f., toch. А ākör Pl. ākrunt ds., compare Old Indian aśrāyāmi, lit. ãšaroju 'cries'. The relationship to idg. *dak̂ru 'tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL. 32, 141.
Note:
Root / lemma: ak̂ru : 'tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : 'tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : 'long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. 'long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) 'long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. 'length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-
English meaning: 'water, river'
German meaning: 'Wasser, Fluß'
Note:
From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : 'snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-
: 'water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : 'lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : 'water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root / lemma: akʷā- 'water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : 'to flow, to wet; water, etc. '
Material:
Lat. aqua 'water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus 'dark', aquila 'eagle', eigentl. 'the swarthy', aquilō 'north wind', eigentl. 'the darkening sky') = got. aƕa f. 'river, body of water', aisl. ǫ́, ags. ēa, as. ahd. aha, nhd. Ache ds. (germ. *ahwō, thereof derived *ahwjō, *awjō 'surrounded by the water' in aisl. ey f. 'island, pasture, grassland', ags. íeg, ahd. -ouwa, -awa, mhd. ouwe f. 'water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';
maybe alb. (*aquilō) akull 'frozen water, ice'
It seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).
nhd. Aue, compare afries. ei-land 'island', Sca(n)din-avia Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FlN Oká, pannon. PN Aquincum 'stove (*cooking stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FlN Aquilō, ven. PN Aquileia (also in South Germany); with ablaut (idg. ē) in addition aisl. ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯ós) 'God of the sea', ags. ǽg-weard 'watch at the sea', éagor 'sea, flood' (the initial sound after ēa); maybe here Old Indian kām 'water', dak. plant N κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων 'water colonist' (*kʷa-dhēmn̥), poln. (nordill.) FlN Kwa.
The affiliation from hitt. e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) 'drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not unlikely. Moreover also toch. AB yok-tsi 'drink'. Air. oiche 'water' does not exist; cymr. aig 'sea' is neologism to eigion from lat. oceanus.
alb. (*oceanus) oqean 'ocean'.
From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ōk'e (˜ -k-)
Meaning: 'deep place, place far from the shore'
Turkic protoform: *ȫkö
Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-
Japanese protoform: *ǝki
Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".
References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: akʷ-
English meaning: 'to hurt'
German meaning: 'schädigen'?
Material: Old Indian áka m 'grief, pain', av. akō 'nasty, bad', axtis ̀ 'grief, pain, illness'; gr. noun *ἄπαρ, *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ, ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς'swindler'; Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη'deception' (*apn̥tā), redupl. Present ἰάπτω'damage'.
Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation
References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: albhi-
English meaning: 'barley'
German meaning: 'Gerste'
Note:
Root / lemma: albhi- : 'barley' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o-, erogʷ(h)o- : 'pea' [common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gr. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον 'barley, pearl barley, barley flour', lakon. ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ-α, -ον - sees a relation as between Old Indian ásthḫi : asth-n-áḥ, what would guarante older proto idg. of the word); alb. elp (elbi) 'barley' (N. Pl. *albhī-). Iran. *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba 'barley'.
relationship to *albh- 'white' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 an.
From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:
Protoform: *àrp'á
English meaning: 'barley, millet'
Turkic protoform: *arpa
Mongolian protoform: *arbaj
Tungus protoform: *arpa
Japanese protoform: *àpá
Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā) (Стеблин-Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.
References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann Gl. 17, 253.
Page(s): 29
Root / lemma: albho- (*hele-bho-)
English meaning: 'white'
German meaning: 'weiß'
Note:
Root / lemma: albho- (*helba-): 'white' derived from Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, el- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals) extended in -kʷho-, -bho- formants. see lat. olor 'swan' (*elōs); gr. ἔλαφος m. f. 'stag (white spotted)'.
Material:
Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë (*alkʷha) 'white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.
Gr. ἀλφός 'white rash', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN ᾽Αλφειός; common illyr.- gr. -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation.
lat. albus 'white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig., fortunate', umbr. alfu 'white', osk. Alafaternum Alafaternum 'Alfaternorum', prälig. Alafis 'Albius' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to osk.-umbr. root alf-, as lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from lat. albus also must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus 'whitefish', albarus 'white poplar', albūcus 'asphodel plant' etc.;
Maybe lat. albulus -a -um 'whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the Tiber'.
cymr. elfydd m. 'earth, world' from *albíi̯o- (compare Old Church Slavic světъ 'light, world');
ahd. albiz, elbiz, ags. aelbitu, ielfetu, anord. elptr, ǫlpt f. (germ. *alƀ-it-, -ut-) 'swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebedь, russ. lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to poln. ɫabędź, serb. lȁbud, čech. labud ''swan' (proto slav. *olbḫedь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form lit. bal-añdis 'pigeon, dove', actually 'white';
Maybe through rhyme effect alb. (*m'elmë) mjellmë 'swan' similar to alb. ját(ë)rë, t'jetër 'other' see Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : 'this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one' [rhyme of m- the same as rhyme of t-] common alb. -mb- > -m- phonetic mutation; [illyr. names ending in -m- suffix like alb. delmë 'sheep', VN Dalmatae, Delmatae (see Root / lemma: dhē(i)- (dh-ei-?): to suck); therefore an early Slavic loanword in Illyrian .
see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebedá, poln. lebioda, ɫoboda 'atriplex, goosefoot', Lidén Stud. 97); ndl. alft, elft 'whitefish' (formally = ahd. etc albiz 'swan'; to loanword from lat. albula 'whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are against, mhd. albel 'whitefish', nhd. Albe, nd. alf, albe 'whitefish'), compare lat. alburnus 'a white fish, bleak' ds .;
nhd mdartl. Albums 'hard sand under the fertile earth', schwed. mdartl. alf ds .;
probably also anord. alfr, ags. ælf, engl. elf (from which nhd. Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), mnd. alf 'Аlp, grand, evil spirit', mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably 'whitish nebulous figures'), as well as ahd. alba 'insect larva, locusta quae nondum volavit', ndl. elften f. Pl. 'cock chafer grubs', norw. alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl. *albna, from which *almna).
Note:
The Illyr. TN Albanoi is the plural form mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably 'whitish nebulous figures') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.
Arbën 'name of alb. during Middle Ages'
see to these germ. words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as 'white water' also the name of Elbe (lat. Albis, Albia, from germ. *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =), anord. elfr 'river' and river name (in addition probably also mnd. elve 'riverbed'), compare gall. FlN Albis, Albā (now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. 'black, deep water'), lat. Albula, gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).
Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation
In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like gall.-lat. Albiōn, mir. Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Albḫi̯en-) 'Britain' (to cymr. elfydd or from the white chalk rocks), lat. Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?) and in ital., ligur. and kelt. areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium likewise below go back or, however, are not idg. derivation of the concept 'white' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.).
Arm. aɫauni 'pigeon, dove', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi- *albhi- 'barley' s. d.
Maybe here belongs Hett. al-pa-áš (alpas) 'cloud' in spite of Couvreur (H ̯ 106, 149) here.
To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also ἐλεφιτίς?) and arm. aɫauni, and in addition tuned slav. intonation (serb. lȁbūd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.
This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. lat. galbus lit. raĩbas 'in different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible according to Brugmann aaO.
to lit. al̃vas 'tin' ('white metal'), Old Prussian alwis 'lead, plumbum', russ. ólovo 'tin' (from idg. *alǝu̯o-? Balt. correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav.) stand in a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to lat. curv-us 'crooked, curved, bent', Old Indian palāḫlaḫḥ (: palāvḫaḥ) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in arm. aɫawni and slav. words);
Note:
From balt. - slav. the notion for 'white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic family:
Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá
Meaning: 'tin, lead'
Tungus protoform: *ńālban
Japanese protoform: *nàmári
Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.
Earlier:
Protoform: *ălpa
Meaning: 'unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'
Turkic protoform: *ălp-
Mongolian protoform: *alba-n
Tungus protoform: *alba-
Korean protoform: *àrphằ-
Japanese protoform: *apar-
Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *aleḫbh-;
here as 'the shining one' gall. alausa 'European shad, twaite shad' (frz. alose, span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln), cymr. PN Alun as well as arm. aɫauni 'pigeon, dove' from *alǝu-n-.
A stem form ali- 'white' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because hett. ali- 'white' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος, ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.
Here, however, probably (as a 'pale yellow plant') hisp.-lat. ala 'elecampane' (Isid.), span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix ahd. alant ds., with it etymological identically the fish name ahd. alunt (newer alant), as. alund 'whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) aisl. - ǫlunn 'a fish', idg. basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The original meaning of al- is probably'white, shining', hence, then also 'pale yellow' etc.
A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why Specht (Idg. Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al- as el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see below areĝ-), er- .
References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.
Page(s): 30-31
Root / lemma: aldh-
English meaning: 'trough'
German meaning: 'Trog'
Material: Altn. alda f. 'wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare'; norw. dial. olda f. 'trough'; schwed. dial. ålla 'deep cavity'. compare ags. ealdoÞ, aldot, aldaht 'trough, tub, container', nhd. bair. alden 'field furrow'.
In addition baltoslav. *aldii̯ā- in Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. 'small boat', lit. aldijà, eldijà f. 'river small boat', also lit. eldijė̃lė 'smoking frying pan'.
Norw. lodje 'Russian vessel, boat', schwed. lodja, mnd. lod(d)ie, loddige are borrowed from russ. ɫodьjá (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under'olde').
References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.
Page(s): 31-32
Root / lemma: aleq-
English meaning: 'to hit back, shoot'
German meaning: 'abwehren, schätzen', presumably actually 'abschließen and dadurch schätzen'
Material: Old Indian rákṣ̌ati 'defended, protected, preserved', arm. aracel 'graze, protect, watch, guard' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. ἀλέξω 'prevent, protect, fight off' (so- present; rakṣ̌ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-), ᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν' defend, refuse, fend', ἀλκάθω 'defends, helps', ἄλκαρ 'Protection, defense, help', ἔπαλξις 'Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls; help' (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή 'defense, help' and 'thickness, strength' (latter meaning, although in itself from 'vigorous defense' understandable, maybe by flowing together with another, mpers. ark 'work, effort, trouble' to suitable words, see Bartholomae Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom.; ἄλκιμος 'strong, hard, potent; from weapons: 'resistable, suited to the fight';
ags. ealgian 'protect, defend' (*algōjan); got. alhs (f., conservative stem) 'temple', ags. ealh, as. alah m. ds., urnord.-run. aluh 'amulet' (?), alit. elkas, al̃kas m. 'holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims', lett. èlks m. 'Idol, god' (germ. and balt. words originally 'holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove');
maybe alb. alka 'protective layer of milk, cream, isolating layer of milk'.
toch. В alāsk 'remove'.
References: WP. I 89 f.
See also: S. similar root areq-'close, protect'.
Page(s): 32
Root / lemma: algh- (*helgh-)
English meaning: 'frost, cold'
German meaning: 'Frost, Kälte'
Material:
Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë 'white (cold white), cream, wool' fat';
Lat. algor 'frost, cold', algeō, -ēre 'freeze, to be cold', belong algidus 'cold' according to Lidén, studies z. Old Indian and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to aisl. Gen. Sg. elgiar, nisl. elgur m. 'snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow'. Germ. s-stem *alʒiz- disguised itself with lat. algor, idg. *alghes-.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Ar. under Arm. Stud. 126.
Page(s): 32
Root / lemma: algʷh-
English meaning: 'to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'
German meaning: 'verdienen, Gegenwert'
Material: Old Indian árhati 'is worth, earns, is obliged, debit,', argháḫḥ 'value, validity, price' (=osset. arɣ 'price, value'), av. arǝjaiti 'is worth, amounts for value' (npers. arzīdan 'earn'), arǝjah- (es- stem) n. 'value, price'.
maybe alb. (*árhati) argat 'worker, serf', argëtoj 'entertain, reward, please, become lazy', argomë 'barren, unproductive'.
Gr. ἀλφή 'acquisition, purchase' = lit. algà, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. ālgas 'wage', gr. ἀλφάνω, ἀλφεῖν 'profit, earn' (ἀλφεῖν = Old Indian árhati, but by the more complete present ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος 'cattle earned'.
Note:
Common gr. gʷ> b, kʷ > p phonetic mutation
maybe alb. geg. (*ἀλφή) ble- 'to buy, purchase'.
An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indian arjati 'acquires, earns, fetches'.
References: WP. I 91.
Page(s): 32-33
Root / lemma: al-1, ol-
English meaning: 'besides; other'
German meaning: Pron.-stem 'darüber hinaus'
Note:
Root / lemma: al-1, ol- : 'besides; other' derived from Root / lemma: alā : interjection.
Material: Lat. uls 'beyond', *ulter, -tra, -trum 'ulterior, situated beyond' (ultrō, ultra), compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = osk. últiumam 'the utmost, extreme, the highest, first, greatest, lowest, meanest';
Maybe alb. ultë, ulët 'low', ul 'to low, sit below' : lat. ulterior -ius 'compar. as from ulter, farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.
alat. ollus 'that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below ir. ind-oll and slav. *olnī), newer olle, ollī 'then, next', ollīc 'he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there'; lengthened grade ōlim 'in the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and with Old Indian par-āri 'third-last year' [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated *ōli, Lok. adverb, also the glosses olitana 'the aged, old, ancient, of long standing', olitinata 'old, inveterate, ancient, former, of old times' can reject - ō or ŏ-?), umbr. ulo, ulu 'that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that'; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille 'that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)'.
Slav. *olnī (idg. *olnḫei) = Old Church Slavic lani, čech. loni, poln. loni 'in the last summer, last year' ('that year', compare lat. ollī 'at that time, then').
The meaning from ir. alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of Old Indian áraṇa- 'far, strange' (= av. auruna- 'wild'?), árād 'from a distance', ārḗ 'far' seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indian arí 'of strangers, stranger', ar(i)yá- 'suitable, proper to the stranger' (compare ahd. eli-lenti 'foreign land'), then Subst. 'hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man', in addition ā́r(i)ya- 'to ar(i)yá-, suitable, hospitable', hence, VN' Arier = Aryan', āryaka- 'venerable man', aryamáṇ- n. 'Hospitality', m. 'Guest's friend';
maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.
av. airyō (= ārya), Old pers. āriya (= ariya), 'Aryan', av. airyaman 'guest, friend', npers. ērmān 'guest', in addition sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (osset. *alan), osset. ir 'Ossete', iron 'Ossetic' 'Ossetic' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d. Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);
air. aire (*arios) and airech 'nobleman, of noble people, suitor' can belong to preposition air- 'in front of', thus 'standing in the first place', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354); mythical ir. ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu 'Ireland'. see under ari̯o- 'lord, god, master'.
---------------------
*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. ἐρι-(reduced grade ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος 'easily (the stranger) recognizable', Old Indian arí- etc surely must lead back to idg. *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indian sūrí- 'master, ruler, lord' as su-ri- 'hospitable' and ri-śā́das 'worry for sustaining the stranger'.
----------------------
Air. oll Adj. 'honorable, large, extensive', actually 'above (the ordinary) going out' (formally = lat. ollus, idg. *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu 'farther, more', Adv. ind-oll 'ultra, extreme', from which maybe also innonn, innunn 'over, beyond' (with assimilation in collaboration with inonn 'the same, identical';
Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e 'in addition, but', actually 'on the other side (and) therefrom on this side'; ol-foirbthe 'pluperfect, past perfect', oldāu, oldaas 'when I, when he', actually 'about (the) outside, what I am, what he is', inaill 'certain, sure', actually 'situated on the other side' (of it inoillus 'confidence, security';
inuilligud 'protection, safety'; with ol(l) 'ultra, beyond' maybe corresponds ol 'says' as 'ultra, beyond, further', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol 'because, sice' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. ol 'footprint'.
Besides with a: air. al (with Akk.) 'on the other side, over - beyond' (simplification from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-nā) 'on the other side, there', anall 'from on the other side, from there, over here', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer alla 'beyond, on the other side' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f., thus not from without ending idg. *ol or *al); derivatives: alltar 'the world of the dead, the other world, hereafter', also from 'to savage areas situated on the other side', alltarach 'otherworld, ulterior, thithertho'.
Gall. alla 'another, other, different', allos 'second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Alloḫbroges = mcymr. all-fro 'exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro 'land'), all-tud 'foreigner', acymr. allann, ncymr. allan 'outdoors, outside'; air. all-slige 'the second cutting out'.
Got. alls, aisl. allr, ags. eall, ahd. all 'all', besides in the compound germ. ala- (without -no-suffix) in agerm. matron's names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc, got. ala-mans 'all people, humanity', ahd. ala-wāri 'totally true' (nhd. albern); compare air. oll-athair (epithet of ir. God's father Dagdae 'the good God') = anord. al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin),' all father'.
Lat. alers, allers 'taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever, shrewd, skilful' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout Él. dial. lat. 104 from *ad-ers, *allers (contrast to iners).
From an adverb *ali 'there, in a specific place, in each case' (differently Debrunner REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:
ali̯os 'other':
arm. ail 'other';
gr. ἄλλος 'other' (kypr. αἴλος), n. ἄλλο, compare ἀλλοδ-απός 'from elsewhere, from another place, strange' (= lat. aliud, forms as in lat. longinquus 'far removed, far off, remote, distant'), in addition ἀλλήλων etc 'each other', ἀλλάττω 'makes different, changes', ἀλλαγή 'variation, change, exchange, trade': ἀλλότριος 'becoming another, strange', from Old Indian anyátra 'somewhere else' corresponding adverb;
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër 'other' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : Old Indian anyátra 'somewhere else'.
lat. alius = osk. allo 'other things', n. aliud = gr. ἄλλο, in addition from the adverb ali: aliēnus 'strange' (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum 'one from two' = osk. alttram 'alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also alterāre, adulter, alternus, altercāri;
gall. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), air. aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *alḫnā; palat. l comes from aile), cymr. ail, bret. eil (from *eliüs, Comparative *alii̯ōs), doubled air. alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, mcymr. etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);
got. aljis 'other', but only in compositions, as as. eli-lendi n. 'foreign land', ahd. eli-lenti ds. = nhd. 'woefulness', got. alja-leikō 'other, different', aisl. elligar, ellar, ags. ellicor, elcor 'other, otherwise,', ahd. elichōr 'further', and in adverbs, like ags. elles, engl. else 'other, different', anord. alla 'otherwise' etc.; a comparative formation *alira is ags. elra 'other';
toch. A ālya-kǝ, В alye-kǝ 'ἄλλος τις' (*ali̯e-kǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ā̆lakǝ 'other', ālamǝ 'each other', В āläm 'somewhere else', aletste 'strangers';
ostiran. etc hal-ci 'any (thing) available, etc'.
References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.
About the sound change from *ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.
See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 (an2).
Page(s): 24-26
Root / lemma: al-2
English meaning: 'to grow; to bear'
German meaning: 'wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren'
Material: Old Indian an-ala- 'fire' (' the glutton', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);
gr. νεᾱλής 'cheerful, strong' (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below);
lat. alō, -ere, -ul, -itum 'to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up'; alēscere 'grow up, prosper', coalēscere 'grow together', adolēscere 'grow up' (adultus 'grown up, adult, mature'), abolēscere 'to perish' (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre 'destroy, exterminate' as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, esp., however, after synonymous dēlēvī, dēleō;
the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), lat. indolēs 'native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents', subolēs 'a sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny', prōles (*pro-olēs) 'offspring, descendants, posterity; the young men of a race; of plants, fruit' (of it prōlētārius 'a citizen of the lowest class, serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not with idg. o- ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); alimentum 'food, nourishment', alimōnia,-ium 'food, maintenance';
air. alim 'be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. alu, mbret. halaff, nbret. ala 'bear, give birth to', cymr. al f. 'act of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. 'wealth' = air. alam f. 'herd', of it almae ds .;
got. ags. alan (ōl) 'grow up' (intr. like lat. adoleō), aisl. ala (ōl) 'be nourishing, produce', got. aliÞs 'fattened' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = norw. dial. elja); aisl. elskr 'inspired by love', elska 'love' (see to the meaning-development Falk-Torp below elske).
With t- formant:
Gr. ἄν-αλτος 'insatiable, gluttonous'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. 'holy grove', lat. altus 'high' (i.e. 'large-scale grown'), mir. old 'height; shores, coast', cymr. allt 'side of a hill, wooded hills', acorn. as, bret. aot, aod 'coast', as. ald, ahd. (etc.) alt 'old' (actually' grown tall'), ahd. altôn 'put off, delay' ('make old');
maybe alb. geg (*n'alt) nalt 'high' > alb. tosk (*nalt, lant) lart 'high' [n/r rhotacism].
*alti also in got. alds f. 'period, lifetime', ags. ield 'period, lifetime, age, old age' (Pl. ielde, as. eldi 'people, humans'), anord.ǫld f. 'time, age, Pl. people'; *alti̯o in osk. altinúm, thus 'food, provisions, aliment' = lat. *altiōnum; air. comaltae 'foster brother' = mcymr. cyfeillt 'serf, slave', ncymr. cyfaill 'friend' (*komal-ti̯os), mcymr. eillt (*alti̯os) 'pupil, hero', air. inailt (*eni-altī) 'servant', got. alÞeis (*alti̯os) 'old' = air. alt(a)e 'brought up';
*altro- in air. altram 'food', altru 'nursing father' (cymr. athraw 'teacher' etc., see Pedersen KG. I 137); anord. aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) 'age, lifetime, old age', ags. ealdor 'life', as. aldar, ahd. altar 'old age, age'.
With m- formant:
Gr. ἄλμα n. 'grove', φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Φυτάλιος, name of Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Φύταλος, for what hom. φυταλιή 'tree nursery' as an abstract noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); lat. almus 'nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating, sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FlN thrak. Almus, illyr. (?) Almō (Rom), Almā (Etruria), abrit. *Almā, engl. Yealm.
mabe alb. helm 'healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- 'poison'. obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : 'to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root / lemma: el-3 : ol-: 'to rot, poison'.
Maybe illyr. Amalthea 'the goat that nourished Zeus'.
Toch. А ālym- 'life, mind'.
d- extensions: Old Indian íḍ-, íḍā 'refreshment, donation, oblation, gift'; gr. ἀλδαίνω 'allows to grow, strengthens', ἀλδήσκω'grows', ἀναλδής 'not thriving; growth restraining', ἄλδομαι 'brings forth, produce, create' (καρπούς).
Maybe alb. geg. ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] 'come, (*climax), be born', ardhuna Pl. 'yields, profits'.
dh- extensions: Old Indian r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati 'prospers, succeeds, does succeed, manages', av. arǝdat̃ 'he allows to prosper', ǝrǝdāt- 'cause prospering', Old Indian árdhuka- 'thriving' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);
gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω 'heals', ἄλθομαι 'grows, heals'; aschwed. alda 'fruit-carrying oak', aisl. aldin 'tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn)'.
References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.
Page(s): 26-27
Root / lemma: al-4
English meaning: 'to burn'
German meaning: 'brennen'
Material: Old Indian alātam n. 'fire, blaze, coal' (also úlmukam 'fire'); lat. adoleō 'to worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell', adolēscō, -ere 'flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere 'to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' to alō, see under *al-2 'grow'), altāre 'fire altar' (with difficult o ablaut umbr. uṙetu 'toward turning to vapor');
nschwed. ala 'blaze, flame' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lit.); but in question gr. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.; view also from lat. alacer 'quick, lively, animated', got. aljan n. 'zeal' etc. was possible as 'igneous, quick-tempered' (Johansson aaO.); about ags. ǣlan 'burn' see *aidh-.
Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, mir. alad 'multicolored, dappled, striped' (if originally'burnt') = nir. aladh 'trout' (alā̆to-).
Maybe alb. alle 'red color'.
References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.
Page(s): 28
Root / lemma: al-5 (*hel-)
English meaning: 'to grind'
German meaning: 'mahlen, zermalmen'
Material: Old Indian áṇu- 'fine, thin, very small' (*alḫnu-), Hindi and Bengali āṭā 'flour' (below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125).
Av. aša (*arta-) 'crushed, ground' (Hübschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, 178 A. 1).
Arm. aɫam 'grinds', aɫauri (*alatrio-) 'mill', aleur- 'flour' (in spite of l instead of ɫ not borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aɫaxin 'servant', aɫij 'young girl' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).
Gr. ἀλε: ἀλέω 'grinds, crushes' *, ἀλέται λίθοι 'millstone, grindstone', ἄλετος and ἀλετός 'the milling, the grinding', ἀλετών 'mill', ἀλετρεύω 'grind', ἄλε[F]αρ, Pl. ἀλείατα (stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) 'flour' (from it contracted *ἀλῆτα called out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes.; ἀλητο-ειδής Hippokr., ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon), ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) 'wheat flour', ἀλῑνός 'flimsy' ( 'pulverized, crushed, ground'), ἄλιξ 'miller who grinds the spelt, wheat' (from it lat. alica 'spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt' ds).
----------------
*) Also ἔλυμος 'millet', ὄλυρα 'spelt', οὐλαί, att. ὀλαί 'ground coarse grain' (*ολF-, not after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then word root would be *el-, *ol-, *el-).
maybe alb. (*hol-) hollë 'flimsy, thin'
Note:
Only gr. and alb. preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 89.
Page(s): 28-29
Root / lemma: al-6, alōu- : alǝu-
German meaning: Farbadjektiv 'weiß, glänzend'
See also: s. albho- and Farbadjektiv el-.
Page(s): 29
Root / lemma: alā
English meaning: interjection
German meaning: under likewise 'hallo!'
Material: Old Indian alalā(bhavant-) 'alert, awake, smart becoming' (mind. arē, rē 'du da!' rather to arí 'foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).
Gr. ἀλαλά, ἀλαλαί 'hallo, hurra!', ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητύς 'Schlachtruf', ἀλαλάζω 'stoße den Schlachtruf from' (similarly ἐλελεῦ 'Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', ἐλελίζω 'stoße den Kriegsruf from'); lit. aluoti 'hallo cry' (borrowing from dem Deutschen not provable) besides alióti 'through Geschrei aufscheuchen'; Old Church Slavic ole, bulg. olele interjection; e.g. Fick I4 356 (nhd. hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from ahd. halón, holón 'get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).
Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on lit. nu-aldė́ti 'ring out; sound', uldúoti 'coo' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).
References: WP. I 89.
See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lā-.
Page(s): 29
Root / lemma: alp-
English meaning: 'small, weak'
German meaning: 'klein, schwach' ?
Material: Old Indian álpa-, alpaca ' small, slight, flimsy' (alpēna, alpāt 'light, fast'); to unite heavily in the definition with lit. alpstù, alpaũ, al̃pti 'become unconscious', alpùs 'weak', lett. el̃pe 'taking air, breath', alpa ̀ 'one time, time, moment in time'.
apposition also from hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός)'weak', ἀλαπάζω 'empties, exhausts', att. λαπάζω'loots', λαπάττω 'empties (the body)' is doubtful because of theirs to two-syllables root words compared with of the light ones Old Indian and lit. words;
also they suit, as well as to them, added to λαπαρός 'slender, thin, having hollow body', λαπάρα 'Flank, swell of the body in the hip', λάπαθος 'cavity, pit', λάπαθος 'sorrel, rumex' as 'βοτάνη κενωτική' in the meaning colouring ('empty, sunken, shrunken') nevertheless, considerably ab. quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps 'be tired of, sick of, bored with'.
maybe alb. (*λάπαθος) lëpjetë 'sorrel, rumex', truncated (*λάπαθος), laps 'be exhaused'.
Maybe lat. lapso -are 'to slip, stumble'.
On account of here hett. alḫpaḫanḫda- (alpant-) 'ill, weak, small, flimsy'?
References: WP. I 92, Couvreur Ḫ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 158.
Page(s): 33
Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-)
English meaning: 'bitter; beer'
German meaning: 'bitter, Bier, Alaun'
Material: Gr. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ Σώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν?] Hes. (see, however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); lat. alūta 'soft leather; a shoe, purse or patch, beauty patch' and alūmen 'alum' are simply extensions from *alu-.
The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition 'beer, mead' (compared to the meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ 'alum, beer'); in. ǫl n. 'Beer, carousal', ǫldr n. 'Carousal' (*aluÞra-), ags. ealu(đ) n. 'beer', as. in aloḫfat, mhd. in al-schaf 'drinking vessel';
maybe alb. alle 'red (color of beer?)'
hence from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-): (bitter; beer).
From it borrows Old Prussian alu n. 'Mead', lit. alùs (m. become as medùs = preuß. meddo n .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ) 'beer'. is also borrowed by finn. olut 'Beer' from Germ.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.
Page(s): 33-34
Root / lemma: ambhi, m̥bhi
English meaning: 'around, from both sides'
German meaning: 'um-herum, zu beiden Seiten'
Material: Arm. amboɫj 'entirely, unscathed' (to oɫj 'healthy'), gr. ἀμφί 'around' (ἀμφί-ς 'to both sides', with the same adverbial -s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς, s.Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 737);
lat. amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō, amiciō from *am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix 'round about, around, all around', alat. also preposition am 'around' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of 'both' also anceps which is against late formation it points to ambō), umbr. amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum 'to carry round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify, by carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news'), an- (an-ferener 'bearing round'), osk. amvíannud 'a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, detour', amnúd 'a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive, inducement, occasion, opportunity' (barely *amb-beno- : veniō, however no- derivation, s. v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I 36);
umbr. ampretu, ambretuto 'ambit, circuit', maybe also osk. amfret 'flanked' (rather to Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent 'they bear round, περιάγουσι';
not lat. trails of the same -er- extension in amfrāctus 'a turning, a bend. Transf., legal intricacies, circumlocution, digression', rather from am-frāctus); about PN Amiternum s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 541;
with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65) osk. ampt 'around' (as umbr. ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); alb. mbi, mbɛ 'over, by, on, in' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).
m̥bhi: Old Indian abhí-taḥ, av. aiwito 'to both sides, ringed' (about av. aibiš, Old pers. abiš more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ἀμφίς?);
Old Indian abhí is possible the meaning 'around, circum', Old pers. abiy, av. aibī, aiwi in the meaning 'about, in regard to, from' from derived *m̥bhi or idg. *obhi or continuing in *ebhi ; gall. ambi- 'around, circum' (e.g. ᾽Αμβί-δραυοι 'living on river Dravos'),
cymr. am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-, air. imb-, imm- 'around'; ahd. as. umbi, aisl. umb, ags. ymb, ymbe 'around' (absorbed in Got. from bi).
bhi: got. bi in meaning 'around', with final sound extension in stressed position as. ags. be-, bī-, ahd. bi-, bī-, nhd. bei (about dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II 'space, period', 73 and 1437 under billede 'image').
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ambhe) mbë 'at, in', (*ambhi) mbi 'on upon'.
Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II 'space, period', 73 and 1,437 under billede 'picture').
ambhō(u) 'both':
Gr. ἄμφω 'both' (derivative ἀμφότερος); lat. ambō, -ae, -ō 'both';
Old Indian ubhāu 'both', av. uwa- ds.; lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba ds.; got. bai m., ba n., Gen. *baddjē (bajōÞs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 77; different - in the outcome to lat. nostrātes - 'of our country, native' Fick III4 255), as. bē thie, ags. bā, Þā, engl. both, ahd. beide, bēde, anord. bāðer, Gen. beggja 'both' (: got. *baddjē < bai̯i̯ē); toch. A āmpi, āmpe, В ant-api.
From these would be regarded Old Indian ubhāu, av. uwa yet as composition with u- 'two' (lat. uīgintī); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the ar. forms as caused by the labial evaporation *abhāu = *m̥bhōu with reference to Old Indian Kubera-ḥ from *Kabēraḥ (compare patronymic Kāberaka-ḥ; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time, as preposition *ambhi 'around' was given up in favour of *obhi (ab. obъ, s. lat. ob 'with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of').
The relation *ambhō (u), *ambhi: got. etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am- (maybe from an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is idg. *bhōu 'both'.
References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.
Page(s): 34-35
Root / lemma: ames- or omes-
English meaning: 'blackbird'
German meaning: 'Amsel'
Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?
Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in ahd. amusla, amsala, ags. ōsle 'blackbird', full grade the second syllable in lat. merula 'a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp' (Kluge EWb.12 s. v.) and cymr. mwyalch, acorn. moelh, bret. moualc'h 'blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalkā oder *misalkā after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about ir. smōl, smōlach 'thrush').
Differently - because of idg. meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare2 367, 3II 140, Fick II4 205: merula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalkā, finally, with -oi- ahd. *meisa, ags. māse, aisl. meisingr 'titmouse'.
However, will be gets covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70 probably more properly in the Adj. *maisa-' small, tiny' because of norw. mdartl. meis 'thin, frail person', meiseleg 'thin and weak', wfläm. mijzen 'crumble', mejzel 'A little bit. Tiny bits'. The comparison of lat. with brit words is most reliable.
References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.
Page(s): 35-36
Root / lemma: amǝ-
German meaning: 'energisch vorgehen'
See also: see under omǝ-.
Page(s): 36
Root / lemma: am-1, mē-
English meaning: 'to grab'
German meaning: 'fassen'?
Material: Old Indian ámatram n. 'vessel, jug, big drinking bowl', arm. aman 'vessel', maybe to lat. ampla (*amḫlā) 'handle, handhold', amplus (*am-los) 'extensive, far, spacious, considerabe'.
References: WP. I 52 f., WH. I 41 f.
See also: S. under mē-1.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: am-2, mē-
German meaning: 'mühen'
See also: see under mē-2 ds.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: am(m)a, amī̆
English meaning: mother
German meaning: 'Mutter', Lallwort
Material: Alb. amë 'aunt', 'mother', out of it 'riverbed', 'residuum from Flüssigkeiten'; aisl. amma 'grandmother', ahd. amma 'mother, wet nurse', nhd. Amme; gr. ἀμμάς, ἀμμία 'mother' Hes., osk. Ammaí, Ammae, i.e. Matri (Göttername)'. About Old Indian amba 'mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see Brugmann II2, I 496) shaped are lat. amīcus 'friend' and amita 'Vaterschwester' (compare lit. anýta 'Schwiegermutter' : lat. anus 'altes woman'). About vlat. amma 'owl' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.
Alb. mik 'friend' zero grade of rum. amic 'friend' not from lat. amīcus 'friend'
A Verbalableitung is perhaps lat. amāre 'lieben' (compare mhd. ammen 'wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.
After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also lat. amoenus here. Von a lat. *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ) besides Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestützt;
toch. В ammakki (Vok.) 'mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indian akkā).
References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mél. Pedersen 163.
Page(s): 36
Root / lemma: andher-, n̥dher-
English meaning: 'stem, spike'
German meaning: 'Spitze, Stengel'
Material: Nur griechisch: ἀθήρ 'an ear of corn', ἀνθέριξ 'stalk point, stalk', ἀνθέρικος 'Stalk, stem of a plant', ἀνθερεών 'chin' as 'bearded, shaggy place', ἀνθρίσκος 'the common chervil', named after his prickly fruit, ἀνθρήνη, ἀνθρηδών 'wasp, forest bee', word outcome after τενθρήνη 'corneous';
τανθρηδών 'wasp' (here maybe ἄνθρωπος from *ἄνθρο-ωπος 'with bearded face = man', then 'man, person', Güntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. Xö; compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4264.
After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *ανδρ-ὡπός, the rough breathing of ὁράω etc figurative?); from also ἀθάρη (*ἀθαρFᾱ), ἀθήρᾱ 'wheat gruel, Spelt miller' (von Plin. n. h. 22, 121 however identified as ägypt. word)?
References: WP. I 45.
Page(s): 41
Root / lemma: andh-, anedh-
English meaning: 'to grow, bloom, blossom'
German meaning: 'hervorstechen, sprießen, blühen'
Material: Old Indian ándhaḥ n. 'Soma plants'; arm. and 'field'; gr. ἄνθος n. 'Flower, bloom', ἀνθέω 'blossoms', ἄνθηρός (*-es-ro-) 'blossoming' etc; alb. ënde (*andhōn) 'blossom, flower', ë̄ndem 'blossoms' (ë from present *ë̄ from *andhō); toch. A ānt, В ānte 'open space, area'.
Mir. ainder, aindir 'young woman', cymr. anner 'young cow', Pl. anneirod, acymr. enderic 'a bull-calf; also of the young of other animals', cymr. enderig 'bull, ox', bret. ounner (Trég. annouar, Vannes an̄noér) 'young cow';
moreover frz. (l)andier m. 'Fire goat, Aries', also 'poppy' (= 'young girl', compare ital. madona, fantina 'poppy'), further to bask. andere 'woman', iber. FN Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus; maybe kelt. Origin? (*andero- 'blossoming, young'?).
According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. ἀν-ήνοθε 'came out, bubbled out;', ἐπεν-ήνοθε 'reside on top of', κατεν-ήνοθε' canopied, covered', etc.
In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *n̥dh:
Old Indian ádhvan m. = av. advan m. 'way, road', for what ai adhvará-ḥ ̣ 'religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony' (originally' course of action, way' - 'ceremonious way') from *n̥dhu̯ero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n̥dhuro-) isl. ǫndurr m. 'a kind of snow shoe'.
References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.
See also: Here belongs probably: andher-, n̥dher-.
Page(s): 40-41
Root / lemma: andho-
English meaning: 'blind, dark'
German meaning: 'blind, dunkel'
Material: Old Indian andhá-, av. anda- 'blind, dark', gall. andabata m. 'a gladiator who fought with a helmet without openings' (to kelt. Lw. lat. battuō 'to beat, knock').
References: WP. I 182, WH. I 46.
Page(s): 41
Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ-)
English meaning: 'to breathe'
Note:
Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : 'to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root / lemma: anĝhen- : 'smell, odour; person' as in arm. anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin 'soul, being, person': anord. angi m. 'odour, smell' : alb. anj 'swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].
German meaning: 'atmen, hauchen'
Material: Old Indian ániti 'breathes' (also thematically ánati), ánilaḫḥ ̣ 'breath, breeze, wind', ānáḫḥ (maybe'breath' or 'mouth, nose', āna-nam 'mouth, muzzle, face' with ind. Vr̥ddhi;'mouth' as 'breathe, the breathing'); prāṇiti 'breathes';
av. ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya 'of the inhaling and exhaling' (*anti- 'breathing' with ā and parā; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- 'mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.).
Gr. ἄνεμος 'breath, wind', ἀνήνεμος (with stretch in the compound), νήνεμος 'windless, calm', ἠvεμόεις 'rich in wind' (ἠ- metrical stretch), ἀνεμώλιος ('windy', i.e.:) 'trifling, in vain' (dissimilated from ἀνεμώνιος, see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about that probably from *μετ-ανεμώvιoς by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones μεταμώνιος 'in vain, without success'); different Risch 113;
compare Frisk Indog. 15; ἄνται ἄνεμοι ἀντάς πνοιάς Hes. are to change in ἀῆται, ἀήτας. Maybe here νεᾱνίᾱς 'youth' as νεFο-αν- 'new wheeze', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4263; also ἄσθμα 'breathlessness, suffocation', aaO. 337.
Lat. animus 'mind, soul', anima 'wind, breath, soul, lives' (osk. anamúm 'air, a current of air, breeze, breath, wind'), of it animal 'living being, animal', hālō, - āre 'breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here attained and also penetrated in an(h)-ēlāre; about latter see *an 4).
Air. anāl, cymr. anadl 'breath', mbret. alazn (rearrangement), nbret. holan (*anǝ-tlo-); mcymr. eneit, ncymr. enaid 'soul' (*anǝ-tī-), abrit. PN Anate-mōros 'warmhearted, bighearted';
air. animm, nir. anam 'soul', Gen. anman (stem *ana-mon; the i- color of the Nom. sg. after neutr. -men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with lat. anima f. 'breath, wind, air. Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh. 10 69 f.), corn. eneff, mbret. eneff (Pl. anaffon) nbret. anaoun 'soul' (umlauted corn. and bret. forms probably Lw. from Lat., see Vendryès De hib. voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);
in addition air. osnad 'sighs' (ussḫanad), further ('catch one's breath = rest, relax') anaid 'remains, rests, stops', con-osna 'desist, cease' (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anant Pl. 'bards, poets', cyn-an in 'word, praise';
got. uz-anan (preterit uzōn) 'exhale'; with t-formant: anord. ǫnd, g. andar f. 'breath, breath of life, life, soul' (= gr. ἄνται), anda, -aða 'breathe, gasp' = ags. ōđian 'puff strongly', anord. andi m. 'breath, mind, soul', afries. omma (*anḫma) 'breath', ags. oroð (*ŭz-anÞ-) 'breath' *; maybe here ahd. unst, aisl. ags. yst f. 'storm' from *n̥ḫsti-;
maybe alb. anda 'taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation] : anord. anda, -aða 'breathe, gasp'.
---------------------
*) In addition also as. ando, ags. anđa, anođa 'excitement, rage, sorrow', ahd. anado, ando, anto 'annoyance, rage', mhd. ande 'feeling of insult', ahd. anadōn, antōn, mhd. anden 'let out one's rage', nhd. avenge under a mid definition 'gasp before excitement' (Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schröder Аbl. 9). About second a from ahd. anado, ags. anođa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.
-----------------------
Old Church Slavic vonja (*ani̯ā) 'smell' (vonjati 'scent, smell'), *ǫchati 'smell' in aruss. uchati etc. (-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection with s from lat. hālāre 'breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-);
Maybe nasalized alb. (*unhati) nuhat, nuhas 'scent, smell'.
Nasals are the most important element of proto Indo Europeans since they indicate the homeland of Aryans in a cold, snowy territory. The prolongation of their nose must have taken place during thousands of years of habitat in the frosty climate. The long nose served Indo Europeans to warm the air while breathing which eventually caused the presence of nasal sounds.
alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj 'I swell, impregnate', geg. âjun 'conceited, puffed' kënjem, gnem 'incense' (*kɛ-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37);
Note:
Clearly the initial meaning in alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj 'I swell, impregnate' was 'puff with air'.
toch. AB āñm- 'life, mind', В āñme 'intention', A āñcām (*āntemo-) 'existence, living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Toch. 48); also В onolme, wnolme 'living being'?
arm. holm 'wind' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet lit. 6, 3) (see Lidén Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47). - Old Indian ātmán 'soul' rather to ahd. ātum 'breath', see ēt-men.
Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indian ani-ti, ani-laḥ, kelt.*ana-tlo- etc, and such like ἄνε-μος, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus lat. *an-slo- > hālō, anord. ǫnd (etc).
References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.
See also: ansu-, antro-.
Page(s): 38-39
Root / lemma: anǝt-
English meaning: 'duck'
German meaning: 'Ente'
Material: Old Indian ātíḫḥ ātī f. 'water bird' (or to aisl. ǣðr, nschwed. åda f. 'eider duck' from germ. *ādī- ?); gr. νῆσσα, bäot. νᾶσσα (*νᾱτι̯ᾱ Old Indian ātíḫḥ) 'duck'; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
Maybe zero grade alb. (*nossa) rosa 'duck' rhotacism n/r : rum. (*rasta) RAŢĂ 'duck'
lat. anas f. (Akk. anatem and anitem: G. Pl. also-tium) 'duck', germ. *anud- and *anid in ahd. enit, anut, NPl. enti, as. anad, ags. æned, aisl. ǫnd, nhd. 'Duck'; balto-slav. * ānt- from *anǝt- in lit. ántis, Old Prussian antis, proto slav. *ǫty, serb. ȕtva, aruss. utovь (Akk.), klr. utjá 'duck'.
Lat. anatīna (scil. caro) 'duck's meat': lit. antíena ds.
Maybe Swedish anka 'duck'
References: WP. I 60, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10.
Page(s): 41-42
Root / lemma: anĝhen-
English meaning: 'smell, odour; person'
German meaning: 'Duft, Geruch, Person'
Material: arm. anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin 'soul, being, person' = anord. angi m. 'odour, smell'.
maybe alb. anj 'swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].
References: Lidén Arm. Stud. 38 f., WP. I 58, Meillet Esquisse 77 ff.
Page(s): 43
Root / lemma: anĝh- (*henĝh-)
English meaning: 'narrow, *press'
German meaning: 'eng, einengen, schnüren', partly also von seelischer Beklemmung, Angst
Material: Verbal: av. ązaŋhē 'to press', lengthened grade av. ny-āzata 'she squeezes herself into her corset', ny-āzayǝn 'to wedge oneself in' (with ā = ă; ved. ahēma possibly 'let us arm = gird on the sword' is remote to the meaning; anāha RV. 8, 46, 5 is unclear);
Maybe zero grade alb. geg. (*anza-) zanë 'to capture, grasp, press', tosk. zë : av. ązaŋhē 'to press' [common alb. -ĝh- > -z- phonetic mutation].
gr. ἄγχω 'ties up, strangles', lat. angō 'to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle, throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious';
Old Church Slavic as i- verb ǫžǫ, ǫziti 'restrain'; in addition with zero grade very probable Old Church Slavic vęžǫ, vęzati 'bind' (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe becomes steady through influence from viti 'coil, bind, wind' which may also have influenced meaning?).
anĝhú-s 'narrow': Old Indian only in aṁhu-bhēdī f. 'narrow lacuna' and in the Abl. Sg. n. aṁhōḥ 'crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction' (derivative aṁhurá- 'pressed, unhappy'); gr. in ἀμφήν (see below); lat. in angiportus (*anguḫportus) 'narrow alley, a narrow street';
got. aggwus 'narrow' (at first from *aggus, as manwus from *manus; w comes from the oblique cases), anord. ǫngr, øngr, ags. enge, as. engi, ahd. angi, engi 'narrow', mhd. bange Adv. (bi + Adv. ango), nhd. bange; furthur derivatives with g: arm. anjuk 'narrow', mit k Old Church Slavic ǫzъ-kъ 'narrow'.
Cymr. e(h)ang (*eks-angu-, idg. *n̥ĝhu-) 'far, wide, extensive', mcymr. eingyaw 'be restricted, be contained in ... ', air. cumcae (*kom-ingi̯ā) gl. 'compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble', fairsing 'far, wide' (*for-eks-ingi-), cumung (*komḫingu-, idg. *n̥ĝhu-) 'narrow', ing f. (*n̥ĝhī) 'crowdedness, affliction', from *kom-angi̯o- cymr. cyfyng, in this way yng (also ing, Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 110) 'narrow', mbret. encq (*angi̯o-) 'narrow'.
Maybe alb. eng 'deaf and dumb (*narrowed)'
anĝhos-, anĝhes 'oppression, affliction, crowdedness': Old Indian áṁhas- n. 'Fear, distress, need' (as well as aṁhatí-ḥ f.), av. ązah- 'badgering, need, captivity', ązō-jata 'killed by strangulation': lat. angor m. 'compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble', angus-tus 'narrow' (from *anghos-to-s); angustiae 'narrowness; hence, of space, a strait, narrow place;'spiritus', shortness of breath; of time, shortness; of supplies, shortness, poverty; of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of disposition, narrow-mindedness; of reasoning, subtlety';
maybe zero grade in alb. (*angus-tus) ngushtë 'narrow'.
about Celtic see above; anord. angr m. (maybe originally more neutrally es-stem, Fick4 III 12) 'Annoyance, loss, pity, affliction, frustration', afries. angost, ahd. angust, nhd. Angst (from *anghos-ti- changing the vowel after *anghu-); Old Church Slavic ǫzostъ 'restriction, constriction, limitation, narrowing';
lit. añkštas 'narrow' (k- insertion, not guttural change) cannot stand for *anž[a]sḫtas or *anž-tas.
Words for 'nape' as 'the narrowest place between head and trunk' (the idea also plays a role 'where one strangles one' in light of this?): gr. äol. ἄμφην and αὔφην 'nape' (after Schulze GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as *αγχF-ήν substantivization of u-Adj. *anĝhú-s by means of forms -en-;
about αὐχήν see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296), got. hals-agga 'nape', klr. vjazy Pl. 'Neck', čech. vaz 'neck, nape' (to vęzati see above), Old Prussian (as slav. Lw.) winsus 'neck' (also arm. viz 'neck, throat, cervix' with preposition v-?), see Pedersen KZ.38, 311; 39, 402, Vondrák Sl. Gr. I 184, Adontz Mél. Boisacq I 10, as well as below under augh-, ugh.
Other formations: gr. ἀγχόνη 'cord, choking, strangling' (from it lat. angina 'the quinsy, as suffocating'), ἀγκτήρ m. 'braces, bandage', ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ, ἀγχόθι 'close to' (compare frz. près 'close to, near': lat. pressus 'a pressing, pressure'), compounds ἀ̃σσον 'nearer, very near' (*ἄγχι̯ον; ἄσσον hence has changed after μάσσων = *μακι̯ων, Osthoff MU. 6, 60 ff.); common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
bret. concoez 'geode' (*kom-angeid-; compare also dial. añcoe 'uvula in the throat'; Ernault RC. 7, 314; 19, 314 ff.); Old Church Slavic ǫzota 'narrowness'.
Gall. PN Octodurus absents, because ir. ochte 'narrowness, straitness' does not exist.
Van Windekens (Lexique 5) puts here toch. A aṃc̨är 'weak. flimsy (?)'.
References: WP. I. 62 f., WH. I 47.
Page(s): 42-43
Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- (*egʷhi-, ogʷhi- and eĝhi-)
English meaning: 'snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
German meaning: 'Schlange, Wurm'
Note: egʷhi-, ogʷhi- and eĝhi- ds.; at least two etymological different, but early the crossed kinship whose relations still are often unclear.
Note:
Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : 'snake, worm, *fish' derived from an extended Root / lemma: anĝh- (*henĝh-): 'narrow, *press'
Material: Lat. anguis = lit. angìs (f.), Old Prussian angis 'serpent, snake' (lett. ùodze f. 'snake'), Old Church Slavic *ǫžь, russ. už, poln. wąž 'snake', arm. auj (Gen. -i) 'snake' (Meillet Esquisse 154, Dumézil BSL. 39, 100);
mir. esc-ung 'eel' (*'water snake', esc 'water' + *angʷhō), cymr. llys-yw-en, Pl. -ywḫod ds. (Fick II4 15; to brit. zero grade from ŋg before u̯ see Pedersen KG. I 107).
In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in the Lat. and Balt.-Slav.) ahd. unc 'snake, adder', gr. (illyr). ἄβεις ἔχεις Hes. (*n̥gʷi-).
Note:
Common gr. gʷ > b, kʷ > p phonetic mutation.
To these forms with voiced-nonaspirated at first is ἴμβηρις ἔγχελυς, Mεθuμναῖoι Hes. (*engʷ-ēri-: to ι compare Solmsen Beitr. 1215), where because of r- suffixes are to be connected balto-slav. *anguria- in slav. *ǫgorь m. russ. ug(o)rь, poln. węgorz, čech. úhoř, serb. ȕgor, sloven. ogǫ́r 'eel', lit. ungurỹs ds.
(assim. from *angurỹs, compare finn. ankerias), Old Prussian angurgis 'eel' (Church Slavic ągulja, jęgulja 'eel' probably from Lat.). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these gr. and balt.-slav. eel names to an independent equation (nevertheless, compare the r-suffix of ahd. angar etc, see under).
Another idg. equation for 'eel' is perhaps gr. ἔγχελῦς f., lat. anguilla (see esp. W. Meyer KZ. 28, 163, Johansson KZ. 30, 425, J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 369, Osthoff IF. 4, 270, 292, Hirt IF. 22, 67, Idg. 619 f.), although the details are still unclear (in the Gr. *ἀγχέλυος assimilated etc. to ἐγχέλυος, or ε and the pure gutural through the influence from ἔχις; in Lat.-illa instead of-ella after the fluctuation in real diminutive under determining influence i of anguis?).
Illyr. TN Encheleae 'snake menü': Hungarian angolna 'eel' [from native illyr. TN Paeones].
While alb. ngjala (*Encheleae) 'eel' similar to alb. gjëndem (*ghend-) 'be found', gjënj, gjenj, geg. gjëj 'find' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187, Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet 'find, regain', s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.); from Root / lemma: ghend- and ghed- : 'to grab, grip'.
Hence gr. (illyr). ἄβεις ἔχεις Hes. (*n̥gʷi-) : alb. ngjala 'eel' the same as gr. χανδάνω (*ghend-) 'take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch', Aor. ἔχαδον (*ghn̥d-), Fut. χείσομαι (*ghendḫs-), Perf. κέχονδα : alb. gjëndem (*ghend-) 'be found', gjënj, gjenj, geg. gjëj 'find' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Otherwise in alb. ch- > s- > gj- since the shift -s- > -gj- is a common alb. phonetic mutation.
In the meaning 'worm, maggot' and with r-suffix (compare above ἴμβηρις etc): ahd. angar 'grain maggot'' engirinc 'larva', nhd. Engerling, lit. ankštiraĩ̃ 'maggots, cock chafer grubs, grubs' (and similar forms, see Trautmann Old Prussian 301), lett. anksteri 'maggots, cock chafer grubs', Old Prussian anxdris (i.e. anxtris), however, 'adder' (about the -st- these balt. forms compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 71), russ. ug(o)rь 'blister, raised bubble on the skin that is filled with pus, fin' (also 'eel', see above), poln. wągry 'blister, raised bubble on the skin' (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not better about angar, úgorь ders. GGA. 1898, 554 f.).
Nasalized forms:
Gr. ἔχις m. (f.) 'snake', ἔχιδνα ds. (for *ἐχίδνια, Specht Dekl. 377), ahd. egala 'leech, bloodsucking worm', dön. norw. igle 'a parasite sheet worm in the viscera of the animals and in the skin and the branchia of the fish'.
Moreover gr. ἐχῖνος, ahd. ags. igil (idg. *eĝhinos), nhd. Igel, eigentl. 'snake eater', W. Schulze Gnomon 11, 407, lit. ežỹs, Church Slavic ježь 'hedgehog (snake eater)'.
Arm. iž 'snake, viper' can be put as *ēgʷhis to ὄφις (Meillet Esquisse 75);
gr. ὄφις 'snake' (*ogʷhis); cymr. euod (*ogʷh-) 'sheep worms': Old Indian áhi-, av. aži- 'snake'.
It is uncertain apposition from as. egithassa, mnd. egidesse, ags. (corrupted) āÞexe, ahd. egidehsa, nhd. Eidechse mit ewi-, egi-, idg. *ogʷhi- = ὄφις (Zupitza Gutt. 99 after Kluge; Falk-Torp under øgle) + germ. *Þahsiō, ahd. *dehsa 'spindle, newel'.
Whether in this variety so order is to be brought that *aŋgʷhi- and *eghi-, *oghi- (ĝh) an intersection form would have caused *egʷhi-, *ogʷhi-, remains undecided. Taboo images have also probably helped in it.
References: WP. I 63 ff.. WH. I 48, Specht KZ. 64, 13; 66, 56 f., Havers Sprachtabu 44 f.
Page(s): 43-45
Root / lemma: ank-1
English meaning: 'need, necessity'
German meaning: 'Zwank, Notwendigkeit'
Material: Gr. ἀνάγκη 'necessity, compulsion' (normally as reduplicated respectably), ion. ἀναγκαίη ds. (from ἀναγκαῖος 'indispensable, necessary', ἀναγκάζω 'compelled, forced, obliged');
air. écen (éc- from *ank- or *n̥k-), mcymr. anghen, cymr. angen, corn. bret. anken 'need, necessity', im Ir. also 'spoliation, act of violence'.
Although 'compulsion' from 'hostile distress, pursuit' were comprehensible, it makes does gr.-kelt. meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically correspondent ahd. āhta 'hostile pursuit', nhd. Acht, ags. ōht (proto germ. *anχtō), germ. EN Āctumērus (i.e. n. Āχtumēraz, 1. year A.D.; Brugmann Grdr. I2382) wherewith ir. écht (*anktu- or *n̥ktu-, *enktu-) 'manslaughter' at first is to be connected (see Falk-Torp 17, 1430), root-like with ank- 'compulsion' (: 'press, kill'ö) originally is same, or connected to *enek- 'kill', as well as hitt. ḫi-in-kán, ḫé-en-kán (ḫenkan) 'death'.
maybe alb. geg. hekë 'agony': hitt. ḫi-in-kán, ḫé-en-kán (ḫenkan) 'death'; both alb. and hitt have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 60. Pedersen Hittitisch 183 f., Hendriksen Unters. 28, Benveniste Origines 155.
Page(s): 45
Root / lemma: ank-2, ang-
English meaning: 'to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'
German meaning: 'biegen'
Material:
illyr. TN Encheleae (Enchelleae) Illyr. TN associated with the coils of the snake, Ilirus and Kadmos.
Old Indian añcati (mpers. ancītan) and (zero grade) ácati 'bent, crooked', participle -akna- (with ā-, ny-, sam-),-akta-(with ud-, ny-)'crooked, bent'; aŋká-ḥ m. 'bend, hook, bend between breast and hip', áŋkas- n. 'Bend, inflection, curve, crook' (= gr. τὸ ἄγκος 'valley, gulch, canyon, gorge'), aŋkasám 'side, points'; aŋku- in aŋkūyánt- 'curvatures, bends, searching side ways';
maybe alb. (*anh-) anë 'side', (*anho-), anoj 'bend'
av. anku-pǝsǝmna- 'with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps';
Old Indian ankuc̨á-ḥ 'hook, fishhook, elephant's sting', aŋkurá-ḥ 'young shoot, scion (originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell' (= gr. ἀγκύλος 'crooked', dt. Angel, anord. ōll, āll 'cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud' see below);
av. Aka m. 'hook, bait', ąxnah (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, Airan. Wb. 359) 'rein';
gr. ἀγκών 'bow, elbow' (D. Pl. ἀγκάσι to ἀγκή = ἀγκάλη), ἐπ-ηγκεν-ίδες 'fixed planks in the ribs of the ship' (Döderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), ἄγκοινα 'all writhed, humped, curved, stooped', ἄγκιστρον 'fishhook'; ἀγκύλος 'crooked', ἀγκύλη 'strap, thong, brace' (= anord. ōl, āl ds.), ἄγκυρα 'anchor'; ἀγκάλη 'elbow, bay, all stooped'; τὸ ἄγκος (see above).
maybe Ancyra -ae f. capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor. (ancient district in central Anatolia - a Celtic, (Illyrianö) settlement).
With o: ὄγκος 'barbed hook' = lat. uncus 'hooked, curved; Subst. hook' (ὄγκῑνος = uncīnus 'hook, barbed hook'); ungulus 'a finger-ring, a ring' Pacuvius, from Festus 514 L. as osk. called, ungustus 'hook-shaped stuff' Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under ang-); ὄγκη ɣωνία Hes.;
Maybe from also lat. unguiculus -i m. 'a finger or toe-nail', unguis -is m. 'a finger or toe-nail; of animals, claw, hoof', ungula -ae f. 'a hoof, claw, talon' : rum. unghie 'nail' and in zero grade alb. (*unguiculus), glisht 'finger, toe' [common alb. -s > -st shift].
lat. ancus 'somebody having a crooked arm', ancrae 'an enclosed valley, valley, gorge' ('curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet' as τό ἄγκος = germ. *angra-);
air. ēcath 'fish hook' = cymr. anghad 'clutch, hand' (to craf-anc 'claw') from *aŋkato- = Old Church Slavic ǫkotь 'hook';
gallorom. ancorago, ancora(v)us from *anko-rākos 'Rhine salmon, hook salmon' schwd. Anke 'Lake of Constance trout' (gall. *anko- 'curved, hooky' and *rāko- 'in front' from *prōko-, cymr. rhag 'before');
ahd. ango, angul 'fish hook, sting', aisl. angi, ags. onga 'point, sting' (*aŋkón-; about got. halsagga 'cervical bend, nape' see rather anĝh-); *angra (up to gender = lat. *ancrae) in anord. angr 'bay, curve' (in local names like Harðangr),
Maybe zero grade alb. (*angul) ngul 'jab, stick, hook'
ahd. angar, nhd. Anger (germ. VN Angrivarii); synonymous aisl. eng (*angiō-) 'grassland, meadow'; ahd. awgul (= gr. ἀγκύ-λος, see above), mhd. angel 'the part of a blade that is connected to the handle (of a sword) by a tang', anord. ǫngoll 'fishhook', ags. ongel 'a fishing-hook. Also, a rod and line'.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*angelos) ngec, ngel 'be stuck, be hooked' : (*angul) ngul 'to jab, claw'.
Much puts here lat.-germ. VN Anglii, ags. Angel, Ongel as 'resident of the Holsteiner bay' to aisl. PN Ǫngull, which did not cover meaning 'angle, bay' (Hoops Reallex. I 61);
with original initial stress anord. ōll, āll 'cotyledon, germ, bud' (*anhla-, Noreen Ltl. 25; to meaning compare except Old Indian aŋkurá-ḥ yet norw. dial. ange 'germ, point, prong' from *ankón-), anord.ōl, āl f. 'long strips, thongs, riems' (basic form *ánhulō, compare ἀγκύλη, or at most *anhlō, standing near gr. ἀγκάλη);
slav. jęčьmy 'barley' as 'thistly, thorny, spiky' (Berneker 268), compare the above words for 'point, sting, cusp';
lit. anka f. 'noose, snare, loop' (= gr. ὄγκη γωνία Hes.); Old Church Slavic ǫkotь 'hook' (see above);
toch. A añcöl 'bow, arch, curve', āṅkar- 'fangs, bulwark'; also A oṅkalöm, В oṅkolmo 'elephant'ö Van Windekens Lexique 6, 13, 82.
ang-, esp. to the name of extremities (compare got. liÞus 'limb, member': *lei- 'bend'):
Old Indian áŋgam 'limb, member', aŋgúli-ḥ, aŋgúri-ḥ f. 'finger, toe' (thereof aŋgulīyam 'a finger-ring, a ring'), aŋguṣ̌ṭhá-ḥ 'big toe, thumb' = av. angušta- m. 'toe', arm. ankiun, angiun 'angle' and añjalí-ḥ m. 'two cupped hands held together';
gr. ἄγγος n. 'Bucket, bowl', ἀγγεῖον (*αγγεσ-ιον) 'vessel', eigentl. 'twisted vessel';
mir. aigen 'frying pan' is dial. additional form of *aingen ds.;
ahd. ancha, enka f. 'neck' and 'thigh, osseous tube, bone tube' (*ankiōn-), anord. ekkja 'ankle, heel'; Demin. ahd. anchal, enchil (reinterpreted anklão m., anchala, enchila f., mhd. mnd. enkel, afries. onkel, onklēu, nhd. Enkel,
ags. (reinterpreted) ancléow, engl. ankle, anord. ǫkkla (*ankulan-) 'ankle on the foot'; also lat. angulus (which is unrelated to Old Church Slavic ǫg(ъ)lъ 'angle, nook') 'm. a corner, angle; nook, esp. either a quiet corner, retired spot or fig., an awkward corner, strait' (besides with o- grade lat. ungulus, ungustus see above).
References: WP. I 60 f., WH. I 46, 49 f., Meringer WuS. 7, 9 ff.
Page(s): 45-47
Root / lemma: an-1 (*ḫ-an-)
English meaning: 'male or female ancestor'
German meaning: 'Bezeichnung för mönnlichen oder weiblichen Ahnen'
Note: babble-word
Root / lemma: an-1 (*ḫan-) : 'male or female ancestor' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō- : 'to bear (mother, father)' [origin of the old laryngeal ĝ- > ḫ-]
Material: Arm. han 'grandmother', gr. ἀννίς μητρὸς ἤ πατρός μήτηρ Hes., compare Inschr. ἀνώ; lat. anna f. 'nursing mother';
illyr. EN ῎Ανα, ῎Αννύλα, Annaeus etc, as well as messap. illyr. ana = πότνια illyr. origin (W. Schulze KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.); compare furthermore lat. anus, -ūs 'an old woman; also used like adj., old', also Anna -ae f. sister of Dido;'Anna Perenna', an Italian goddess.
Note:
Arm., gr. and illyr. have preserved old laryngeal ḫ-;
Illyr. and lat. display common -ila diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin.
Maybe alb. tosk. aneja 'mother', alb. anë 'side, bloodline' similar to germ. Ahnenreihe 'genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor', alb. anoj 'to incline, like'.
Ahd. ano, mhd. ane, an, ene, nhd. Ahn 'grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather'; ahd. ana, mhd. ane 'grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress'. diminutive formations are: altn. Āli (*anilo), ags. Anela, ahd. Anelo family names; mhd. enel 'grandfather, grandson'.
Further ahd. eninchil, mhd. enichlīn, nhd. Enkel ('the young ancestor'). The grandson was looked by Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare gr. ᾽Αντίπατρος.
Against this represented view of W. Schulze KZ. 40, 409 f. = Kl. Schr. 67 f. endorsed Hermann, Nachr. d. Ges. d. Wiss. to Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse 1918, 215 f., the bayr. enl, önl, österr. ǣnl, ānl etc the meaning 'of grandfathers' and 'grandson' carry and the one here with same occurance has to do like with nhd. Vetter (originally 'of the father's brother', then also 'of the brother's son'); the salutation is returned by the grandfather to the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by Hermann aaO.).
Preuß. ane 'old mother'; lit. anýta 'mother-in-law'.
Hitt. an-na-aš 'mother'; ḫaḫanḫnaḫaš (ḫannaš) 'grandmother', lyk. χñ̃na ds.
Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 arm. aner 'father of the woman' moreover. It is similar formation like in lat. matertera 'mother's sister, maternal aunt', cymr. ewythr 'uncle', acorn. euitor; bret. eontr (proto kelt. *aventro-, see Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 55). *anero- had the original meaning 'anything like the forefather'.
It is unsafe ahd. hevianna from which reshuffled mhd. hebamme. Because ahd.*anna 'woman' is not to be covered, Kluge11 238 origin from *hafjan (d) j ō accepts 'the lifting' from which the later close interpretations have originated. However, compare PBB. 30, 250.
References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lyk. under Hitt. 26, 66.
Page(s): 36-37
Root / lemma: an-2
English meaning: there, on the other side
German meaning: Demonstrativpartikel 'dort, andererseits'
Material: Gr. ἄν 'probably, possibly, in any other trap' (ἐάν from εἰ ἄν, ion. ἤν from *ἠ ἄν, ἄν from αἰ ἄν); lat. an 'conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether', secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne, air. anḫd 'here', got. an 'then, now'; lit. an-gu 'or', Old Prussian anga-anga 'whether = or whether'.
maybe alb. (*ane) andej 'there' : air. anḫd 'here' [rather common alb. shift n > nd].
Thereof derived:
ani̯os 'other' in:
Old Indian anyá- 'other', av. anya-, ainya-, Old pers. aniya- ds. compare above S. 26.
anteros 'other' (from second) in:
maybe zero grade in alb. (*anteros) ndërroj 'change, alter', ndërresë 'change, the other thing';
Old Indian ántara-, oss. öndör 'other', got. anÞar ds., aisl. annarr 'other, second', ahd. andar, ags. ōÞer 'other', Old Prussian anters, antars (*antras) 'other, second', lit. añtras, lett. ùotrs beside lit. añtaras, ostlett. ũtors ds., slav. *ǫterъ, *ǫtorъ in čech. úterý m. 'Tuesday', osorb. wutory 'other, second'. About Old Church Slavic vъtor-ъ 'second' s. u̯i- 'asunder, apart'.
Note:
It seems Root / lemma: an-2 : 'there, on the other side' is a zero grade of the extended Root / lemma: al-1, ol- : 'besides; other' into *alny-, *any-.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër 'other' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : Old Indian anyátra 'somewhere else'.
Perhaps alb. dial. (*anter) jatër, jetër, alb. [ attribute të 'of' + anter], tjetër 'other, second'; similar to formation in alb. geg. (*të mel = of milk) tamli 'milk' where të is the alb. attribute particle. Initial alb. j- seems to have substituted the old laryngeal form ḫ-.
References: WP. I 56, 67, II 337, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10/11, Debrunner REtlE. 3, 1 ff.
Page(s): 37-38
Root / lemma: an4, anu, anō, nō
English meaning: a preposition ("along a slanted surface, etc.")
German meaning: under likewise, Pröposition, etwa 'an einer schrögen Flöche hin, hinan'
Note: (compare the summary by Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., also about the syntactic).
Material: Av. ana, Old pers. anā (urar. *ana or *anā) 'about there' (m. Akk. or Instr.), 'along, on' (m. Akk.), av. anu, Old pers. anuv 'after, according to; up there' (m. Akk.), 'lengthwise, along' (m. Lok.), also preverb;
maybe alb. anës 'along'
Old Indian ánu 'after (timewise m. Akk., Аbl., Gen.), after (order), after there, along, behind, according to, with regard to, against' (m. Akk.), Adv. 'on it (auslaut-u appears to be comparable in lesb. thess. ἀπύ beside att. ἄπό. Against Wackernagels explanation from idg. *enu 'along, according to' see WH. I 677; to-u see under apḫu); arm. am- in amḫbaṙnam ham-barnam 'I raise, uplift', ham-berem 'I endure' maybe from -an (the h by mixture with a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- 'together';
ion.-att. ἄνα, ανά 'on, upwards, along', dor. böot. ark. kypr. ἀν, lesb. thess. ark., z. Part kypr. ὀν, isolates ark. kypr. ὐν (from ὀν) ds. (the monosyllabic form appears the original and to be extended ἀνά only after κατά; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622; it is likely according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 275 ὀν originated from ἀν; Adv. ἄνω 'upward, up';
A lat. remainder appears an-hēlō 'breathes strongly and with difficulty' (an + *anslō); umbr. an-, (with en 'in' become synonymous and with it alternately, hence, en-tentu beside:) an-tentu 'intendito', anseriato 'observatum', anglar 'oscines' (*anḫklā to clamo) etc
Maybe here air. an-dess 'from the south' etc;
got. ana (m. dat. mid Akk.) 'on, in, against, because of, about', anord. ā Adv. and preposition m. dat. and Akk. 'on, in', m. dat. 'on, in, up, by', m. Akk. 'after, up, on, against', as. an, ags. on, ahd. aua, an, nhd. an (*ana or *anō, *anē) preposition m. dat. and Akk. and Instr. 'on, up, in, to, against';
maybe zero grade in alb. (*ana) në 'on, in'.
lit. anóte, anót m. Gen. 'accordingly, according to'; about the first on proto slav. *on going back to slav. slav. vъ(n)- 'in, on' see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 828 and *en 'in'.
With zero grade of the first syllable, thus initial sound n:
lit. nuõ m. Gen. 'from down, from away' (these where from meaning only from the connection with the ablative originated anew), as a Nominal pröf. nuo-, as a Verbal pröf. nu- (proklit. abbreviation as in pri- beside priẽ), let. nùo m. Gen. 'from', as prefix nuo-;
Old Prussian no, na m. Akk. 'on (where), against, about there', as prefix 'after; from away' (see also BezzenbergerKZ. 44, 304); Old Church Slavic na m. Akk. and Lok. 'on there; up, on, in' (in addition after prě : prě-dъ neologism na-dъ 'upside, above, about' m. Akk. and Instr. and preverb); Old Indian nā- perhaps in nādhitá 'pressed', see below nā- 'help'.
Here presumably lit. -na, -n 'in (direction where)', postal position with verbs of the movement, av. na-zdyah-, Old Indian nḗdīyas- 'closer'(' *moved near'); root sed- 'sit'; presumably similarly got. nēƕ, ahd. nāh Adv. 'near' as 'looking near, turned near' (with root oq ʷ- as 2nd part); see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., where also about the ambiguous Old Indian ádhi 'about, on', ap. adiy 'in' (*-n̥dhi or *edhi, *odhiö).
maybe alb. (*nāh) nga 'from' [common alb. n > ng shift]
About got. anaks adv. 'suddenly, straight away', supposedly to abg. naglъ 'suddenly, abruptly' (ö), s. Feist 42.
References: WP. I 58 f., WH. I 43 f., 49, 677, Feist 41 a, 373, Trautmann 200.
Page(s): 39-40
Root / lemma: anǝtā (enǝtā)
English meaning: door posts
German meaning: 'Törpfosten'
Material: Old Indian ātā (usually PL ātāḥ as lat. antae) 'Umfassung, Rahmen a door', av. ąiϑyā̊ Akk. Pl. 'doorposts', arm. dr-and 'doorpost' (Höbschmann Arm.Stud. I 19); lat. antae after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 'die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstörkten Wönde, die den Pronaos eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses einschließen' = anord. ǫnd 'Vorzimmer' (Bugge KZ. 19, 401).
References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.
Page(s): 42
Root / lemma: ansā, ansi-
English meaning: noose, snare
German meaning: 'Schlinge, Schleife', partly as Handhabe von Gefößen (Henkel) oder as dem Zugvieh umgelegter Zögel
Material: Lat. ānsa 'clutch, handle, a handle; (hence), occasion, opportunity', ānsae crepidae 'the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were pulled' = lit. ąsà f. (Akk. ą̃są) 'pot handle, loop with the knot apron' (compare also lat. ansātus = lit. ąsótas '(furnished with or having a handle) with a handle'), lett. uosa 'handle, loop, eyelet', next to which i-stem аpr. ansis 'hook, pot hanger, kettle hanger', lett. ùoss (Akk. ùosi) 'handle';
Maybe alb. (*ues) vesh 'handle, ear'
aisl. ǣs f. (*ansjō) 'hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through of the straps' = mnd. ȫse f. 'ring-shaped handle, loop' (out of it spötmhd. nhd. Öse; or wgerm. word to Ohr according to Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.ö); mir. ē(i)si Pl. 'rein', gr. ἡνία, dor. ᾱνία ds. (*ἀvσιᾱ).
Maybe truncated alb. (*enha) ena 'pot (*pot handle)' [common alb. -s- > -h- phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 68, WH. I 51, Trautmann 10.
Page(s): 48
Root / lemma: ansu-, n̥su-
English meaning: ghost, demon
German meaning: 'Geist, Dömon'
Material: Old Indian ásu-, av. aŋhu- 'breath of life, world', therefrom Old Indian ásu-ra-, av. ahura- 'ruler, lord' (*n̥su-); ven. ahsu- (= āsu-) 'cult effigy, cult figure' = germ. *ansuz 'god, ace' in aisl. āss, run. a[n]suR, ags. ōs 'ace', got.-lat. anses 'demigods'.
References: H. Göntert Der ar. Weltkönig 102, Feist 52 b.
See also: Perhaps to an(ǝ)- 'breathe'.
Page(s): 48
Root / lemma: ans-
English meaning: favourable
German meaning: 'wohlgeneigt, gönstig sein'
Material: Got. ansts f., ahd. anst and (zero grade) unst, mhd. gunst from *geḫunst, ags. ēst 'favour, mercy', anord. ōst, ǭst 'favour, love', ahd. abanst, abunst, as. avunst, ags. æfest 'distrust, resentment, disfavor'; mhd. gund m. 'favour', anord. ǫf-and f. 'disfavor';
preterit present ahd. an, unnum (Inf. unnan, preterit onsta, onda) 'grant' (gi-unnan), as. ags. unnan 'grant, concede, wish', anord. unna (ann, unnom, preterit unnan from *unÞa) 'love, grant, concede'. un-nu-m (from *unzḫnuḫm-) is an old present the neu-, nu- class, wherefore the new Sg. ann.
Which root beginning as germ. an-, un-, has in ansts the suffix compound -sḫti- to see (see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 437), while mhd. gund, an. ǫfund the easier one contained -ti-.
However, is because of gemeingerm. *anst(s) root probably as germ. ans-, uns- to begin (Kluge ZfdtWtf. 9, 317, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 332), unnum consequently originated from *unz-num (idg. *n̥s-nu-me), whereupon then Sg. ann, and new weak preterit *un-Þa (ahd. onda, anord. unna) beside ahd. onsta, as. gi-onsta; then also mhd. gund, anord. ǫfund (suffix-ti-) new creations have become after s- part to unnum, unnan.
Also gr. προσ-ηνής'friendly', ἀπ-ηνής 'unkind, hard' (: ab-unst) is the most likely = *προσ-, ἀπ-ανσής (see Brugmann aaO.).
In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 gr. - ᾱνής on neutr. Subst. *ănos whose suffixale zero grade lies as a basis germ. *anḫsḫti-.
References: WP. I 68, Feist 53.
Page(s): 47
Root / lemma: antro-m
English meaning: cave, hole
German meaning: 'Höhle, Luftloch'
Material: Arm. ayr, Gen. Pl. ayric 'cave, hole', gr. ἄντρον ds.
References: WP. I 561, Schwyzer Mel. Boisacq II 2341, KZ. 68, 222, Gr. Gr. I 532, Pisani KZ. 68, 161 f.
See also: Perhaps to an(ǝ)-'atmen', as originally 'Luftloch'.
Page(s): 50
Root / lemma: ant-s
English meaning: forward, before, outer side
German meaning: 'Vorderseite, Stirn'
Material: Old Indian ánta-ḥ 'end, border, edge' (therefrom antya-ḥ 'the last');
Alb. (*ánta) ana 'side, end'.
gr. Gen. Sg. κάταντες (= κατ' ἀντες) 'down the forefront', Dat.-Lok. ἀντί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5486, 6225), Akk. εἰσ-άντα 'in the face' (*antḫṃ), ἔν-αντα, ἄν-αντα, κάτ-αντα etc (W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 632under), adverbal ἄντα 'towards, opposite', thereafter ἀντάω 'meets'; about ἄντομαι see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722 under.; about ἄντην s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 687;
air. étan (*antono-) 'forehead'; perhaps here mcymr. enhyt, cymr. ennyd 'time, moment' (*antḫiti- to Old Indian ití- 'gait, way'), mcymr. anhaw 'old' (*ant-au̯o-), nir. éata 'old; age' (*ant-odi̯o-ö), compare Loth Rc. 48, 32; 50, 63;
hitt. ḫa-an-za (ḫant-s) 'forefront', therefrom ḫa-an-te-iz-zi-iš (ḫantezziš)= *ant-eti̯os;
lyk. χñtawata 'leader' (Pedersen Lyk. under Hitt. 17);
toch. A antule 'outside, to ... before', antus 'also'.
see also under anti̯os.
In addition as pristine cases:
anti'in the face of'> 'towards, opposite, against', etc.
Old Indian anti Adv. 'opposite itself, before itself, near', from what antiká-ḥ 'near', n. 'nearness'.
Arm. and 'there', ǝnd preposition 'for, instead of' m. Gen. and 'along, about (in, on) somewhere there' m. Akk. (compare got. and), in meaning'aside' m. Abl. and 'with, by' m. Lok. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; anl. ǝ- from a-), as preverb'on'; in addition andranik 'firstborn, the first (earliest)' (Bugge KZ. 32, 2; compare to meaning lat. ante 'before, of place or time' and the above mentioned words for'forehead' as a'front'), probably also anc̣anem 'to go past' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 425, compare gr. ἄντομαι; c̣ from t + the aoristic s, compare the Aor. ē-anc̣).
Maybe alb. andej 'there, in the other side, opposite'.
Gr. ἀντί 'in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of' m. Gen., also preverb, e.g. ἀνθίστημι; hom. κατ' ἄντηστιν 'in the opposite point of view, against' is fine to Bechtel Lexil. 46 from *ἄντι-στι-ς reshuffled after ἄντην ἵστημι; ἀντικρύ, att. ἄντικρυς 'almost, against' (ambiguous ending), ἀντιάω, ἀντιάζω 'meets'.
Lat. ante (from *anti, compare antistō, as well as antīcus, antiquus) preposition m. Akk. spatially 'against, before', timewise 'before', also preverb (e.g. antecedō), antid-eā, -hāc 'before', antid-īre ''lead the way' (-d after prōd); in addition anterior 'earlier', antārium bellum 'war before the town', antīcus 'the front' (c after posticus 'behind'), antīquus 'old' (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus; idg. *anti +*okʷ- 'looking'), antēs, -ium 'rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines)', originally possibly 'fronts' (about antae see, however, under *anǝtā 'door post').
Hitt. ḫa-an-ti (ḫanti) 'in front, esp., in particular'.
anta 'against there' (direction); to -a see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622 f.
Got. and preposition m. Akk. 'up there, about there, along'. With therefrom more divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix germ. anda-, and 'against, opposite', also in verbs normally 'from - away': got. anda-, and (e.g. andniman 'accept', andanēms 'agreeable, pleasant', andbindan 'unbind, untie, be confined'), anord. as. ags. and, ahd. ant-, int-, mhd. nhd. ant-, (e.g.Antlitz, Antwort, entbinden).
compounds anord. endr, enn 'earlier, formerly, again, after' (endr = got. andiz-uh 'either'), ags. end 'before' (*andis), ahd. enti 'earlier, yore' (germ. *andiaz), mhd. ent, end Konj. 'previous, before' (e.g. Falk-Torp 192, 1455).
Lit. añt, older anta m. Gen. 'after-there, up, on'.
About gr. ἄντα see above.
n̥ti
A weaker ablaut form (*n̥t-) shows got. and m. dat. 'ἀντί, for, around', unÞa- (*n̥to-) in unÞa-Þliuhan 'escape', ags. ođ- (*unÞ-) in ođgangan 'escape', ūđgenge 'fleeting' = anord. unningi, undingi (*unÞ-, *andḫgangia-) 'escaped slave' (Brugmann Grdr. II2, 803).
Other meaning points got. and m. Akk. 'until, to', ahd. unt in unt-az 'until, to' and unzi (= untzi) 'until, to', as. and 'until, to', unti, unt (and + te 'to'), unto (and + tō), engl. unto 'to, until', anord. unz (and es) 'until, till that', ags. (with grammatical change) ođ 'in addition, besides, until, to', osk. ant m. Akk. 'up to'' (likewise from *n̥ti, see Walde Kelten and Italiker 54; because of germ. and not to place exactly attuning meaning = lat. ante 'before', e.g. v. Planta II 443), lit. iñt 'after' (rather contamination from in and ant).
The fact that these forms show an extension preposition *en, *n̥ 'in' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f., where also about gr. dial. ἔντε), is possible as then lit. iñt with į̃ 'after' corresponds in the application. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as a result of the sound resemblance and idg. *n̥t (-i, -aö) 'until, to' belong as 'up against there, on the opposite side over' to anti; also the words for the 'end' (see below) are originally the purpose waving on the opposite side, and with as. unt is also ant (and + te) preposition m. Akk. 'wholly, completely' synonymous what, even if only new intersection are from unt with and-, however, the concept relationship of both explained.
anti̯os 'against, recumbent before' (formed from the adverb anti):
*anti̯ó- (germ. *andja-) in got. andeis, anord. endir, as. endi, ags. ende m., ahd.anti, enti m. and n., nhd. Ende; also gr. ἀντίος 'against' (in addition ἐναντίον ds., ἐναντίος 'situated against; opponent') probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr.I 379) to *ἀντιός.
Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ánti̯o- in anord. enni n., ahd. andi, endi n. 'forehead' = lat. antiae 'the hair growing upon the forehead, forelock'.
A quite different word is nhd. and, ahd. unti, anti, enti under likewise, as. endi, ags. engl. and 'and', anord. en(n) 'and, but', with Old Indian áthā̆ 'thereupon, thereon, then, ditto', av. aϑā̆ 'also', osk. ant m. Akk. 'usque ad', lit. iñt m. Akk. 'after' (however, see above), toch. В entwe 'also' belongs to *en, n̥ 'in'.
Also alb. in (*ende) edhe 'and, also', zero grade (*ende) dhe 'and, but'.
References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f., 722, 726, II (B V 2 b d 3).
Page(s): 48-50
Root / lemma: apelo-
English meaning: strength
German meaning: 'Kraft'
Material: Gr. ἀν-απελάσας ἀναρρωσθείς Hes., ion. εὐηπελής 'strong', hom. ὀλιγηπελίη 'swoon, ion. ἀνηπελίη ἀσθένεια Hes., Elis: MN Tευτί-απλος (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here ᾽Απέλλων, ᾽Απόλλων, with vocal gradation thess. ῎Απλουν; after Sommer IF. 55, 1762 rather pregreek); ill. MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Aplo, Aplis, -inis, FN Aplo, -onis; gall. VN Dī-ablintes 'the powerless, the weak' (from *-aplentes); germ. GN Matronis Aflims, Afliabus 'effective magic', aisl. afi n., ags. afol, abal n. 'strength'.
Note:
The Root / lemma: apelo- : 'strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- : 'strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].
References: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250.
Page(s): 52
Root / lemma: ap-1 (proper ǝp-) : ēp-
English meaning: to take, grab, reach
German meaning: 'fassen, nehmen, erreichen'
Note:
From the reduced Root / lemma: ghabh- : 'to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : 'to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : 'comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : 'to give'.
Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫeḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na 'us' + ep 'give') 'give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) 'take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω 'give a hand.
Material: Old Indian āpnṓti 'achieved, attained', more recently āptá-ḥ 'clever, suitable, trusted'; av. apayeiti 'achieved, reached', 3. Pl. āpǝnte from *āpu̯antai;
arm. unim 'own' (*ōpḫn-ö), ǝnd-unim 'attain';
gr. ἅπτω 'give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle', ἅπτεσθαι 'touch', ἁφή 'touch, adherence etc. 'will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352 assumes influencing by ἕπω an; hom. ἀφάω (ἁφάω) 'touch, palpate, feel, finger', ion. ἀφάσσω ds., common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
hom. ἀπαφίσκω, ἤπαφον (with öol. o: ἀποφεῖν ἀπατῆσαι Hes.) 'cheat, barter, exchange', ἀποφώλιος 'phantasmic, delusive, fallacious', κατηφής 'low-spirited' (eigentl. 'got down').
Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with gr. ἅπτω arm. ap''the hollow hand' (o-stem, however, Lok. yḫap'i as -i-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together, which word should correspond to gr. ἅψος 'joint, hinge'; because of p'(= idg. ph) nevertheless, uncertain (compare Meillet BSL. 36, 110);
lat. apīscor 'touch, reach, attain, come to, come by', adipīscor 'to come up to, overtake; hence to obtain. Perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained', coēpi 'has begun, commenced', later coepī.
The connection with lat. *apiō, *apere 'to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie round' (imper. ape 'hinder, prevent, restrain'), aptus 'as partic. fitted, fastened, connected. Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with, with abl. (2) as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. Adv. apte', cōpula (co-apula) 'a link, bond, tie, connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels' is probably certain. Maybe is derived from a common primary meaning 'touch, summarize'.
Also lat. apud 'at, near, by, with, in' will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning would be 'in close connection' (compare juxtā). One has derived from the part. Perf. neutr. *apu̯od (from *apu̯ot 'having reached'). Additional form apor, apur (mars.-lat. apur finem) points on originally-d;
lat. apex, -icis 'cusp', esp. 'the top of the conical cap of the Roman'flamines', or the cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark over a vowel', maybe belongs to *apiō; compare also EM. 60;
toch. A oppöc̨c̨i 'clever' (Van Windekens Lexique 82);
hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) 'takes', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi).
Note:
The original root was Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : 'to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : 'comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : 'to give'.
Maybe alb. tosk. (*eḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na ep) 'give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) 'take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω 'give a hand. [see above]
About Old Indian āpíḫḥ 'friend', gr. ἤπιoς 'friendly' see below ēpi-.
References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hitt. 128, Couvreur H̯ 93.
Page(s): 50-51
Root / lemma: ap-3, āp-
English meaning: old; damage
German meaning: 'gebrechlich; Schaden'
Material: Old Indian apvā́ 'illness, failure', av. (from an -es-stem) afša- m. 'damage, evil'; lit. opū́s 'weak, sore, frail' (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably gr. ἠπεδανός 'frail, weak' (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 530).
References: WP. I 47, Specht Dekl. 345.
Page(s): 52
Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu)
English meaning: from, out, of
German meaning: 'ab, weg'
Material: Old Indian ápa 'off, away, back' as adnominal Рröp. m. Abl. 'away from', av. ap. apa 'away from'; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gr. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; gr. ἄπο, ἀπό m. Gen. (= *ablative) 'away from, ex, from'; maked. ἀπ-, ἀβ-;
alb. prapë 'again, back' (*per-apë); lat. ab m. Аbl., 'prep. with abl. (1) of motion or measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation, difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of :'a tergo', in the rear; hence in connection with, as regards' (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperiō from *ap-u̯eri̯ō; perhaps also in aprīcus, s. WH. I 59; about lat. af s. just there 1; abs = gr. ἄψ 'back, again'; out of it as- before p-, as-portō; ā before voiced consonants), umbr. ap-ehtre 'from without, from the outside; on the outside, outwardly' (about other, unsafe osk.-umbr. Belege s. v. Planta I 209, 426, II 454 f.);
got. af prefix and preposition m. dat. 'from, away from, from here', anord. af Adv. and preposition m. dat., ags. æf, of, as. af, ahd. aba, ab- 'from, away from', nhd. ab-.
compare also lit. apačià 'the lower part' (as 'turned away part', *apoti̯ā, to Old Indian ápatya- n. 'progeny' and hitt. ap-pé-iz-zi-ia-aš (appezii̯as) 'back'.
As kelt. derivatives are taken up from *apo acymr. ncymr. o 'ex-, from, of', a.-mcorn., a.-nbret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound brit. form rather affiliation to air. ō, ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gr. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe.
In hett. a-ap-pa (apa) 'behind, back' (compare gr. ἀπο-δίδωμι 'give back, return') have maybe collapsed idg. apo and epi (Pedersen Hitt. 188, Couvreur H̯ 94 f., Lohmann IF. 51, 324 f.).
Derivatives: apо-tero-, ap-ero-, ap-i̯o-, ap-ōko- and above apoti̯ā, apeti̯o-.
Old Indian apataram Adv. 'farther away', ap. apataram Adv. 'apart, somewhere else', gr. ἀπωτέρω 'farther distant' (ἀπωτάτω 'very far away'); maybe got. aftarō 'from the back, backward', aftuma, aftumists 'the last', ags. æftemest ds. and got. aftra 'back, again', ahd. as. aftar Adv. 'behind, after' and Рröp. m. Dat. 'after, behind, according to', ags. æfter ds., anord. eptir Adv. and Рröp. m. Dat. and Akk. 'after', aptr Adv. 'back, backward'.
For this germ. However, words relationship also stands with gr. ὄπιθεν, idg. *epi, *opi to the consideration (Schulze KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still got. afta 'behind', ags. æft 'behind, later', got. aftana 'from the back', anord. aptan, ags. æftan, as. aftan, mhd. aften 'afterwards'.
Old Indian ápara- 'back, later, following, other', Adv. -ám 'after, later', av. ap. apara- 'back, later, following', Adv. -ǝm, -am, Sup. Old Indian apamá-, av. apǝma- 'the one farthest away, the most distant, the last';
got. afar Adv. and preposition with dat. and Akk. 'after, afterward', ahd. avar, abur (latter from *apuḫróḫm, as anord. aur- 'bottom, lower, nether, back' in compound, see Falk-Torp, 11 f.) 'again, once more, against it' (nhd. aber), anord. afar 'esp., very much' (compare to meaning Old Indian ápara- also 'outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary', Lidén Stud. 74 ff.; ags. eafora, as. aƀaro 'descendant'). see still *āpero- 'shore'.
maybe alb. (*apar) parë 'first, top', afër '*away, close', afërm 'relative, descendant', (*āper-) prej 'from'.
Gr. ἄπιος 'remote, far' (probably also anord. efja f. 'bay in a river in which the current runs back', ags. ebba m. 'low tide', as. ebbia f., mndd. ebbe, where borrows from nhd. Ebbe, as 'ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards the sea').
Old Indian ápāka- 'recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front', arm. haka- as 1. composition part 'against', hakem 'piegare ad una parte, inclinare', Old Church Slavic opaky 'again', Church Slavic opako, opaky, opače 'back, inverted', in which, admittedly, forms can be partly also related to *opi, gr. ὄπιθεν (compare lat. opācus 'shaded, shady; dark, shadowy, obscure' = 'turned away from the sun';
Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 482). Besides anord. ǫfugr 'after, turned backward', as. aƀuh, avuh, ahd. abuh, abah 'turned away, inverted, wicked' (nhd. öbig, öbicht), ags. *afoc in engl. awkward, from *apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : ὄπιθεν, so that in the ablaut to got. ibuks 'being on the decline', ahd. ippihhōn 'roll back'ö Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the consonant relegating to πυ-γή, see also Falk-Torp under avet).
pō̆:
av. pa-zdayeiti 'let to move away, scare off'; lat. po-situs, pōnō 'to put down, set down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit' from *po-s[i]nō, po-liō, po-lūbrum, pōrcet 'to keep off, keep back, to hinder, restrain' from *poḫarcet; alb. pa m. Akk. 'without', pa- 'un-' (Gl. Meyer Alb. Wb. 317); afries. fån 'from, of', as. fana, fan, ahd. fona, fon m. Dat. (= *Abl.) 'from, of' (ahd. -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to derive from idg. *pu beside *po).
A similar form pursues Trautmann Old Prussian 389 in Old Prussian pan-s-dau 'thereafter'. Is totally unsafe whether arm. oɫork 'polished, slippery, smooth' contains according to Lidén Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.
Maybe suffixed alb. pas 'behind, back' pastaj 'later, thereafter'.
Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 808 considers absorption from idg. *upo, and for sl. po in meaning 'behind, after' m. Lok. probably properly origin from *pos): Old Church Slavic po 'after, in, with, about a little bit there' (lit. pō with Gen. under dat. 'after', with Instr. 'under'), as essential only more perfective verbal prefixes lit. pa-, Old Church Slavic po- (as nominal prefix Old Church Slavic pa-, lit. pa and pó-, compare e.g. Old Church Slavic pamьněti 'remember', pamętь 'memory');
Old Prussian pa- essential in nominal, pō- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203, Meillet Slave comm.2 505.
About slav. poḫdъ 'below, under' see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 733 f. - S. still idg. *po-ti and *po-s.
Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë 'below, under' from the same root as slav. languages slav. poḫdъ 'below, under' from Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).
ap-u stands beside *apo (Lit. see below *pu) in ark. kypr. lesb. thess. ἀπύ, in ahd. abo = aba, anord. au-virđi n. 'contemptuous person' (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above *apuḫro- beside *apero-, *apuḫko-, and *pu beside *po. That -u maybe enklit. Particle 'and, also' (Feist Зa, 508a, WH. I 87). compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 182.
pu (see оbove *apu) mostly in meaning ('turned away' =) 'behind, back':
ahd. fona (see above), Old Indian punar 'again back', gr. πύματος 'the last'; quite uncertain lat. puppis 'the poop or stern of a vessel; poet. the whole ship'.
maybe alb. pupa 'the poop or stern of a vessel' : poln. pupa 'bottom'.
References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist За, Trautmann 11.
Page(s): 53-55
Root / lemma: appa
English meaning: father
German meaning: 'Vater'; Lallwort
Material: compare gr. ἄππα, ἀπφά, ἄπφα, ἀπφῦς (Theokrit) 'dad'; toch. В appakke 'father' (this -(a)kke from ammakki 'Mutter').
References: WP. I 47.
See also: compare also pap(p)a.
Page(s): 52
Root / lemma: apsā
English meaning: asp
German meaning: 'Espe'
Material: Ahd. aspa, nhd. Espe, ags. æspe, anord. ǫsp f. ds., lett. apse (from *apuse), Old Prussian abse ds., nordlit. apušìs f., lit. apušė̃, epušė̃ f. 'aspen, trembling poplar' (after Bezzenberger BB. 23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsā), russ. osína (*opsīna) 'aspen', poln. osa, osika, osina 'aspen'.
The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm among others törk.-osm. apsak 'poplar', tschuw. ėwës 'aspen' as a loanword from the proto Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of gr. gr. ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος, ὅ ἐστι εἰ̃δος δένδρον Hes. a root noun ap- .
References: WP. I 50, Specht Dekl. 60.
Page(s): 55
Root / lemma: ar 4 (er, orö), r̥
English meaning: now, also, interrogative particle
German meaning: etwa 'nun, also', also as Fragepartikel
Material: Gr. ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥα (from r̥) 'now, thus, consequently', kypr. ερ, ἀ̃ρα interrogative particle (*ἦ ἄρα; γάρ, maybe from γ' ἄρ); likewise zero grade lit. ir̃ 'and, also', lett. ir 'also', Old Prussian ir 'and, also' (= gr. ῥα, zero grade lit. ar̃, lett. ar as an introduction of an interrogative sentence, alit. also er with the same balt. vacillate from a- and e- as between lett. ar 'with, in' and Old Prussian er 'to'; toch. В ra- emphat. particle.
References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 342, 622.
Page(s): 62
Root / lemma: ardh-
English meaning: pole
German meaning: 'Stange'ö
Material: arm. ardn 'lance, spear': lit. ar̃das m. 'pole scaffold for drying flax', old ardamas 'a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves to make it taut)' (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)'ö Petersson KZ. 47, 245 (the lit. words not better according to Leskien Abl. 329 to ardýti 'split, distinguish', see under er- 'rare, loose, crumbly').
References: WP. I 84.
Page(s): 63
Root / lemma: ardi-, r̥di-
English meaning: point, edge
German meaning: 'Spitze, Stachel'
Material: Old Indian ali 'bee, scorpion' (from *aḍi, idg. *r̥di) = gr. ἄρδις 'head of the arrow, sting'; air. aird (*ardi-) 'sharp, peak, point of the compass', anord. erta (*artjan) 'stir up, stimulate, tease' (another interpretation from erta under er-, er-d- 'set in motion').
References: WP. I 83 f., Löders Schriften 429.
Page(s): 63
Root / lemma: areg-
English meaning: to lock
German meaning: 'verschließen'
Material: Old Indian argalaḫḥ, argalā 'latch, bolt', maked. ἄργελλα 'bathing hut, bath hut', from which borrows alb. ragál f. 'cottage, hut'; kimmer. ἄργιλλα (*argḫelḫi̯ā) 'subterranean dwelling'; as. racud, ags. reced m. 'building, house'.
References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.
See also: compare *areq- 'schötzen, verschließen'.
Page(s): 64
Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- (*her-(e)-ĝ-)
English meaning: glittering, white, fast
German meaning: 'glönzend, weißlich'
Note:
Old Indian r̥ji-pyá 'darting along' epithet of the bird śyená- ('eagle, falcon'), Av. ǝrǝziḫfya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), arm. arcui (< *arciḫwi) 'eagle' prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : 'eagle, *fast' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- : 'glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-1 : 'right, just, to make right; king'.
Material: Old Indian árjuḫnaḫḥ 'bright, white'; rajatá- 'whitish', rajatám híraṇyam 'whitish gold, i.e. silver', rajatám 'silver' with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero grade r̥ (or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with av. ǝrǝzata- n., Old pers. ardata- 'silver' (r̥-) : TN illyr. Ardiaei common alb. - illyr. -ĝ- > -d- phonetic mutation.
lat. argentum, osk. aragetud 'silver', air. arggat, mir. airget, cymr. arian(t), corn. mbret. argant, nbret. arc'hant 'silver', gall. PN Arganto-magus; arcanto-dan .. 'coin minter, mint-master, the master or superintendent of a mint',
Maybe alb. (*argento) argjend 'silver'.
arm. arcat''silver', toch. A ārkyant N. Pl. f.; with other formation gr. ἄργυρος 'silver' (in spite of these equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure, see about that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II2 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39, 235 f., Festschr. Streitberg 228), messap. argorian (: ἀργύριον) ds., argora-pandes (*arguro-pondi̯os) 'quaestor, state treasurer'.
Thrak. ἄργιλος '(*white) mouse', FlN ῎Αρζος (*Argi̯os).
Gr. ἀργός 'white, fast', in compounds ἀργι- : ἀργι-κέραυνος 'with shining thunderbolt', ἀργι-όδων 'with brilliantly white teeth' (thereafter also *ἀργινός for ἀργεννός, further formation to ἀργινόεις, epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains); ἀργαίνω 'is white'.
ἀργός probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from *ἀργρός dissimilated, wherefore i-stem ἀργι- of compounds behaves as av. dǝrǝzi-raϑa- 'possessing steady chariot' to dǝrǝzra- 'solid'.
With ἀργός phonetically same Old Indian r̥jrá- connotes also 'shining', is in this meaning with ἀργός 'white' etymological identical (in addition also Old Indian ŕ̥jīti-, r̥jīka- 'radiating').
Old Indian r̥jrá- 'fast', Ṛji-śvan- 'the allied Indras ordering about fast dogs' = gr. ἀργός 'fast' (likewise of dogs, also already proto linguistic epithet, see Schulze Kl. Schr. 124), ἀργί-πους 'fleet-footed', horses Πόδ-αργος, upholds Persson Beitr. 828 from ἀργός (r̥jrá-) 'white' different word (to the root reĝ- 'straight, right, directly' in Old Indian r̥jīšá- 'rushing straight for', r̥ji-pyá 'darting along', etc), against Bechtel Lexil. 57, the concept of the lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement (compare 'as quick as a flash, at lightning speed') as well as Schulze aaO.
Sides of the same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the color, and quickness of the movement (compare lat. micāre 'move rapidly to and fro, vibrate, flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle').
ἄργεμον, ἄργεμα n. 'the whiteness (in the eye, nail)', ἀργήεις, dor. ἀργᾶς (*ἀργᾱFεντς 'shining'; es-stem in ἐναργής 'perspicuous, clear', ἀργεσ-τής epithet of νότος, 'elucidative, brightening' (see lastly Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5001), ἀργεννός 'white sheen, white luster, white-gleaming' (*ἀργεσ-νός); maybe also in ἀργειφόντης epithet of Hermes ('in slaying brilliance'ö).
On account of es-stem av. аrǝzah- 'afternoon and evening' so that belongs together etymologically, at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 202, Bechtel aaO.
Maybe alb. (*а rǝz-) errët 'dark', err 'darken' : av. а rǝzah- 'a fternoon and evening'
ἀργής, -ῆτος, -έτι, -έτα 'white-gleaming'; ἄργιλλος and ἄργῑλος 'white clay' (lat. Lw. argilla, argīla : alb. argjilë 'white clay, mud'): ἄργυ-ρος see above, ἄργυ-φος, ἀργύ-φεος 'shining white' (in the word ending probably to root bhā- 'shine', Prellwitz BB. 22, 90, Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).
Maybe alb. harc, harca Pl. 'rocky landscape'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
Lat. argentum see above; arguō 'to put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse, blame, expose, convict', argūtus 'to the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear, piercing, shrill, noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since Cicero also:) beaming, shimmering' and 'shrewd'.
Toch. A ārki, В ā̆rkwi 'white' (*arĝu̯i̯o-), ārcune 'epithet of the royal title', A ārki-śoṣi 'white world' (compare cymr. elfydd S. 30); hett. ḫar-ki-iš (ḫarkis) 'white'.
Maybe alb. (*arg-) jargë 'white saliva'
Note:
alb. j- stands for the lost old laryngeal ḫ-.
e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for got. unaírkns 'impure, unclean', aírkniÞa 'cleanness, genuineness', ahd. erchan 'right, just, real, true, genuine', anord. jarknasteinn, ags. eorcnanstān 'precious stone, jewel' (in addition also anord. jarteikn n. 'emblems' from *jar[kn]-teikn, Lidén by Noreen Aisl. Gr.3 ̨p. 281, 6); compare also Feist 25b.
As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of germ. words, however, was concerning the vocalism intersection from germ. *ark- = idg. *arĝ- with *erk- = Old Indian árcati, idg. *erk- at least conceivable.
About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for lit. áržuolas, ąžuolas, dial. áužuolas, ostlit. dial. úžolas 'oak', see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263, Trautmann Old Prussian 301, whereupon anž- (compare аpr. ansonis) the original form is (different Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Germ. Gutt. 214).
By Hirts (Abl. 124) basic *ar(e)ĝ- cause germ. words difficulty, however, see above. The basis of a 2th root vowel (areĝ-) is given only by Old Indian rajatám 'whitish', thus dubious.
References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 260, 447, 481, Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.
Specht (Dekl. 1141) places because of gr. ἄρμη λευκή Hes. a color root in ar-, he equates with al- (see above S. 31).
Page(s): 64-65
Root / lemma: arenko-
English meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain
Material:
Lat. arinca 'variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt)' ('Galliarum propria' Plin. n. h. 18, 81; foreign, presumably gall. word, despite Niedermann ĕ and ĭ 30 not genuinely lat.), gr. ἄρακος 'leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants', ἄρακοι ὄσπριόν τι. τὸ δε αὐτὸ καὶ λάθυρον Hes.
Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure enough the not sufficing confirmation from ἄρακος in ὄροβος ἐρέβινθος. Non-related in spite of Fick II4 16, 17 are gr. ἄρτος 'bread' (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), mir. arbar 'grain' (see *ar- 'to plough, plow'), arān 'bread'.
References: WP. I 84, WH. I 67.
Page(s): 66-67
Root / lemma: areq-
English meaning: to guard, lock
German meaning: 'schötzen, verschließen'
Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lit.
Arm. argel 'hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle, hindrance, balk, impediment', denomin. argelum 'resist, hold from, hold back'; maybe with o- gradation orm 'wall, mural' (*ork-mo-ö);
gr. ἀρκέω 'resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be enough' (ἀρκέσω, ἤρκεσα) probably from *ἀρκέι̯ω; ἄρκος n. 'protection, cover, shelter' (Alkman); ἄρκιoς 'sufficing, enough', αὐτ-άρκης 'oneself enough', ποδ-άρκης 'with sufficing feet, fast' (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.);
Maybe alb. (*ἄρκος) argësh 'crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of crossbars, harrow', zero grade in alb. (*argo-) rrogë 'alpine meadow (to be guarded)'.
lat. arceō, -ēre 'to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away', arca 'a chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell' (actually 'fastener, shutter', compare arcānus 'shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential'; from Lat. derives got. etc arka 'boxes, money boxes, ark';
maybe alb. arkë 'box, money boxes, ark'.
ahd. arahha, archa 'ark' and from Germ. again Old Church Slavic raka 'burial cave', Old Prussian arkan Akk. Sg. 'ark'), arx 'fortified hill, castle, fort', arcera 'canopied chariot' (suffix after cumera, compare WH. I 63) osk. trííbarakavúm 'to build, erect, establish; to create, frame' (constitutes beforehand *trēbark- 'to enclose a house, to put up a fence around a house');
ahd. rigil, mhd. rigel 'latch, bolt', mengl. rail (ags. *reogol), Göntert Kalypso 136;
lit. rãktas 'key', rakìnti 'to lock, shut';
hett. ḫar(k)- 'hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them)', Götze and Pedersen Muršili 50.
Note:
Maybe alb. (*ḫark-) varg 'row, chain, ring'; common prothetic alb. v- before bare initial vowels.
Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of cymr. archen 'clothes, shoe', bret. arc'henna 'wear shoes' (mir. acrann 'shoe, clothes' probably reconverted from arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381).
About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as 'castle hill' interpreted Old pers. mountain names arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadriš 'mountain ravine, mountain gorge'), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altiran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116.
Maybe zero grade in alb. kodra, kodrinë (dim.) 'hill' from a truncated Old pers. (H)ara-kadriš 'mountain ravine'.
Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from slav. račiti 'want, grant'.
As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r̥) covers lat. Orcus 'Orcus, the infernal regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead' (uncertain 'lock, seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up'ö).
References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.
See also: Similarly aleq- 'refuse, protect' and areg- (see d.).
Page(s): 65-66
Root / lemma: ar(ǝ)-
English meaning: to plough
German meaning: 'pflögen'
Material: Arm. araur 'plow' (*arātrom; Höbschmann Arm. stem I 21);
gr. ἀρόω (ἤροσα, ἄροτος) 'plough, till', ἀρότης, ἀροτήρ 'plowman', ἄροτρον 'plow'; with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. αρά̄ςοντι, gortyn. ἄρατρον. ἀρόω etc placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an idg. *aro- besides *arǝ- ahead (compare toch. āre), or appeared instead of ἀράω at the same time with the reshuffle many denominative causatives in -άω to such in -όω after in addition basic o- formation, under special influence from νεόω 'plow up the land anew'.
lat. arō, -āre 'to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow the sea' (for the older *arǝ-mi), arātor 'ploughman, husbandman', arātrum 'plow' (-ā- for *-ă- after arāre);
mir. airim 'to plough', cymr. arddu (from *arj-) 'to plough', arddwr 'plowman', mir. ar n. 'arable land', cymr. ar f. ds., mir. arḫán 'bread', arathar (*arǝtrom), cymr. aradr, corn. aradar, mbret. arazr, nbret. arar 'plow'; mir. airem (*ari̯omō), Gen. aireman 'plowman', also PN Airem-ón;
maybe alb. arë 'arable land, field'.
got. arjan, anord. erja, ags. as. erian, ahd. erran, mhd. ern 'to plough, till', anord. arđr 'plow', ahd. art 'furrowed land', ags. earđ, ierđ f. 'furrowed land, yield' (see also under *ar- 'yield, acquiesce' about nhd. Art), mhd. arl, nhd. Arl, Arling 'plow' (from loanword from slav. *ordloö genuinely germ. after Meringer IF. 17, 121);
lit. ariù, árti 'to plough', árklas (*arǝ-tlom) 'plow', arklỹs 'horse' (as 'a plow animal'); artójas 'tiller, plowman' (*arǝḫtāi̯a-), Old Prussian artoys 'tiller' (with secondary zero grade lit. orė̃ 'ploughing time', compare gr. πολύηρος πολυάρουρος Hes.), lett. ar'u 'to plough', ara, āre 'arable land'; lit. armenà 'superficially furrowed layer of earth';
Old Church Slavic orjǫ, orati 'to plough'; ralo (serb. rȁlo, poln. radɫo) 'plow' (*ar(ǝ)-dhlom: lit.árklas), ratajь 'plowman'; about slav. *ora- s. Trautmannn 13;
toch AB āre 'plow'. concerning this pertains:
ar(ǝ)u̯-:
Arm. haravunk 'arable land' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), lat. arvus, -a, -um 'plowed, plowed land', esp. arvum 'plowed land, a field; in gen., a region', umbr. arvam-en 'in plowed land' (= dem lat. fem. arvas A. Pl.), ar(u)via 'crops, field crops';
mir. arbor (*aru̯r̥) 'grain', Dat. arbaim, Gen. (already air.) arbe (*aru̯ens), Pl. N. A. arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom airmnech 'the man who owns a lot of grain', Corrnac's Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ. 38, 458);
gr. ἄρουρα 'arable land' (formally not yet clearly; probably after Benveniste Norns 113 from *ἀρο-Fρᾱ, extension of ἀρο-Fαρ from *aroḫu̯r̥, compare mir. arbor. Unglauhhaft Otrębski KZ. 66, 78).
Through its old e- divergence cymr. erw f. 'field', Pl. erwi, erḫwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. mbret. eru, nbret. ero 'furrow' belong against it to ahd. ero 'earth', gr. ἔρα, arm. erkir 'earth' (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197 likewise *eru̯- as a basis), however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one *ar(ǝ)u̯o-.
From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.
References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 683.
After Specht KZ. 68, 422 furthermore to root *erǝ- (er-5) 'disjoint, sever' as 'tear the ground open'ö
Page(s): 62-63
Root / lemma: ario-ö
English meaning: master, lord
German meaning: 'Herr, Gebieter'
Note:
Root / lemma: ario-ö : master, lord, derived from Root / lemma: ar-1*, themat. (a)re-, schwere Basis arǝ-, rē- und i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : to move, pass: gr. ἄριστος 'best in birth and rank, noblest'.
Material: Old Indian ar(i)yá- 'mister, convivial', ā́r(i)ya- 'Aryan', āryaka 'venerable man'; av. airyō, Old pers. ariya- 'Aryan';
gall. PN. Arioḫmānus (GIL, III 4594); ir. aire (gl. primas) besides airech, where is to be formed *arjo- and *arjako-, which to Old Indian āryaka behaves as gr. μεῖραξ 'youth' to Old Indian maryaká- 'male' (Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 100). Against it belongs mir. ruire not here, but from ro + rī 'king of kings'.
About Old Indian aryamán n. 'hospitality', m. 'guest's friend', av. airyaman-, npers. ērmān 'guest', see above under al-1.
W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly urnord. arjostēR N. Pl. 'the most distinguished, the noblest', thus would have to be attached indeed an urnord. *arjaR 'posh, lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately, highbred, exclusive' and an idg. *ari̯o-, in the Old Indian phonetically with a derivative from arí- 'alien, stranger' would have collapsed.
Kelto-germ. PN Arioḫvistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for *Hario-. Also air. aire, airech 'suitor' are ambiguous, see above under al-1.
Maybe Arrianes illyr. TN.
References: WP. I 80.
Page(s): 67
Root / lemma: ar-1*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-basis (a)rī̆-, rēi-
English meaning: to move, pass
German meaning: 'fögen, passen'
Note:
Root / lemma: ar-1*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : 'to move, pass'
and Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : 'to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-1, or- : 'eagle'.
Material:
------------------
*) E.-M. 74 determine because of arm. eri 'horse’s hock or point of shoulder, shoulder of animals', y-eriurel 'fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust; accommodate; readjust; bring into line; mate' posit a basic form *er- . But arm. eri derives after Liden Mél. Pedersen 88 f. back to idg. *rēito-, *rēiti ! compare Trautmann 242.
-------------------
Av. arānte 'they settle, get stuck', Old Indian aráḫḥ 'wheel spoke', aram, álam Adv. (áraṃkar-, alaṃkar 'prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink' and 'be in service; serve; do one's service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of use', for what probably аrа-tí- 'servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower' and rā-tí- 'willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating', av. rāiti 'compliant, servant') 'suitable, enough';
av. arǝm 'suitable, accordingly' (arǝ̄m-piϑwā 'midday' = 'the time suitable for the meal', next to which ra-piϑwā ds. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-, from what arǝm Adv., Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., 'judge, arbitrator' and 'period (of time)' (common primary meaning possibly 'the act of arranging something (neatly)', from which 'the act of arranging the law' and 'right time'); Old Indian ar-p-áyati 'puts, fixed, clamps, cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies'; about hett. ḫar-ap- (ḫarp-) 'to arrange, situate, put down 'ö compare Couvreur Ḫ 114 f.;
arm. aṙnem 'produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out; volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down', yḫar ', I consent, conjoin, continue, press so' (arar 'has done, has made' = gr. ἄραρε), whereof yarem 'add, subjoin, splice' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), č̣ar 'bad; poor; unsavory; unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable; decayed; wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt; off; unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick' with negative č̣ [= oč̣] 'not suitable' (Bugge aaO. 23);
gr. ἀραρίσκω, Perf. ἄρᾱρα 'join together', ἄρμενος 'annexed, appended, attached, appendaged, suitable', ὄαρ 'wife' (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root*ser- or root *u̯er-, ἀ-Fείρω); in addition ὀαρίζω 'have close relations with';
also 'chats confidentially'; χαλκο-άρας 'ironclad, armoured', also χερι-άρας τέκτων Pind., ἄρ-θρον 'limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle)', ἀρθμός 'connection; connexion; contact; touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction; conjunction; coupling; communication; link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination; association; incorporation; compound; relation; relationship; marriage; wedding; society; union; juncture, friendship', ἄρθμιος 'joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct, collective'; with t- suffixes homer. δάμ-αρ-τ- 'housewife' ('the woman in charge of the house'), öol. δόμορτις Hes.;
πυλάρτης 'Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the underworld' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 451, 5); ἀρε- in ἀρέσκω 'even out, ease, reconcile, settle, redress, compensate for, equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction', ἀρέσκει μοι 'It suits me, I like it', ἀρέσκεσθαι, ἀρέσσασθαι 'come to an agreement, come to an agreement with somebody; make oneself inclined, reconcile', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
ἀρετή 'ability; competence; efficiency', ἀρείων 'better' (in respect probably stands ἀρι- 'very much, very' in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also Old Indian ari-gūrtá-, -ṣ̌tutá- as 'keenly praised' would like to compare; uncertain because of gr. ἐρι- 'very much, very' see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); ἄριστος 'better, best', ἀριστερός 'left, on the left'.
With lengthening θυμ-ήρης 'appealing well, complacent', ὅμηρος 'husband; hostage, pledge', ὁμηρέω 'to meet'; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was ῎Ομηρος eigentl. 'companion, the blind person who goes with his leader'.
From Slav. perhaps poln. ko-jarzyć 'attach, connect, combine' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31, 532).
About maybe related gr. ἄρα, lit. ir̃ s. 4. ar 'now, thus'.
Toch. A ārwar, В ārwer, ārwar 'ready', А аröm, В ere 'face' (compare lat. figura 'a form, shape, figure'). Van Windekens BSL. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the same place 173.
t-formations: r̥t-, art- 'joint together'.
Old Indian r̥tá- n. 'suitable, right', r̥tám n. 'well attached, holy order' (to meaning see Oldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not 'sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering'), r̥tēna 'rite', av. arǝta-, ǝrǝta- n., Old pers. arta- (in compound) 'law, right, holy right';
av. aša- under, 'what is sure, true', Old Indian r̥tāvan(t)- 'proper, fair', av. ašā̆van/t/-; Old Indian r̥tú-ḥ 'certain time, order, rule', r̥tíḫḥ f. 'kind, way' (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9, 193; see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), av. aipi-ǝrǝta- 'appoints, destines, firmly assigned';
arm. ard, Gen. -u (= gr. ἀρτύς, lat. artus, -ūs, compare also on top Old Indian r̥tú-ḥ) 'structure, construction, ornament' (Höbschmann Arm. Gr. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), zḫard 'apparatus, ornament'; ard 'just now, now, currently' (= gr. ἄρτι) (Bartholomae Stud. II 23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar 'fair, just, right' (Höbschmann Arm. stem I 21, Arm. Gr. I 423;
Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also idg. dh; compare av. arǝdra- 'faithful, reliably, loyal to belief, pious, godly' and the other undermentioned dh- derivatives), ardiun 'struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);
gr. ἁμαρτή '(at the same time) simultaneous' (Instr. *ἁμ-αρτός 'joint together, concurring, coincidental'), ὁμ-αρτέω 'connect oneself to somebody, accompany' (due to *ὅμ-αρτος); ti-stem in ἀρτι-Fεπής ('well versed in word structure'), ἀρτί-πο(υ)ς 'with healthy feet',
ἀρτί-φρων 'able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind' (presumably also in ἄρταμος 'butcher, slaughterer; murderer', whereof ἀρταμέω 'slaughter, cut up, divide', after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from *ἀρτι- or at most *ἀρτοταμος 'workmanlike cutting', compare Old Indian r̥ta-nī- 'justly leading', r̥ta-yuj 'properly harnessed');
Maybe in u- grade alb. urtë 'able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind'
probably also ἀρτεμής 'fresh and healthy', probably dissimilated from *ἀρτι-δεμής to δέμας 'with a well-built body'; ἄρτι 'just' of the present and the most recent past (compare above arm. ard 'just now, now' and ard-a-cin 'newborn' as gr. ἀρτι-γενής;
morphologically not yet quite clear, perhaps Locative); ἀπ-αρτί 'exact, just', ἄρτιος 'adequate, just, complete', ἀρτιάζω 'plays rightly or oddly', ἀρτίζω 'finishes, prepares', ἄρσιον δίκαιον Hes., ἀνάρσιος 'hostile', ἐπαρτής 'prepares';
ἀρτύν φιλίαν καὶ σύμβασιν, ἀρτύς σύνταξις (= lat. artus 'narrow, tight') Hes., ἀρτύω, ἀρτύνω 'joins, prepares', ἀρτύ̄νας, ἄρτῡνος, ἀρτῡτήρ title of a public servant or official of Argos, Epidauros, Thera.
Lat. artus 'narrow, tight (in space and time), close;'somnus', fast, sound; of supplies, small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing' (Adv. artē, originally instrumental as ἁμαρτή); ars, -tis 'skill, method, technique;'ex arte', according to the rules of art. (2) an occupation, profession. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method of acting;'bonae artes', good qualities' (actually 'articulation, assemblage, pack a gift properly' = mhd. art), in addition the compounds in-ers 'unsophisticated, sluggish, untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid', soll-ers 'clever, skilful', allers, alers 'taught, learned';
artiō, -ire 'insert tightly, wedge, crowd, join fast, press together' (more recently artāre); artus, -ūs 'the joints;'dolor artuum', gout; poet., limbs', articulus 'in the body, a small joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point';
lit. artì 'near' (Lok. ti-stem);
mhd. art f. 'kind, manner and way', anord. ein-arđr 'simple, sincere', einǫrd 'reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness';
toch. В ar(t)kye 'rich, valuabe' (ö).
m-formations:
A. From the light basis ar-.
Arm. y-armar 'suitable, adequate' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);
gr. ἁρμός 'seam, assemblage, joint', ἁρμοῖ 'just, recently' (ἁρμόζω 'connect, join, adapts, orders', ἁρμονία 'connection, alliance, regularity, harmony'), ἅρμα 'chariot' (about these words see Sommer Gr. Lautst. 133, Meillet BSL. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [*arsmo-ö], Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 306; farther Lit. by Boisacq 79), ἁρμαλιά 'assigned food, provisions';
lat. arma, -ōrum 'defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers, military power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment', armentum 'herd of horses or cattle, cattle for plowing'.
Hence sounds in anord. jǫrmuni 'bovine animal, horse' and the PN got. *Aírmana-reiks, ags. Eormenrīc, aisl. Jǫrmunrekr, mhd. Ermenrīch; the same first part to the name from a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri 'great Thuringia', anord. jǫrmungrund 'the wide earth' = ags. eormengrund, ahd. irmindeot, as. Irmin-sūl, and in the short form Herminones.
However, Bröckner KZ. 45, 107 rightly challenges, that 'cattle, horses' is the original and 'large' out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for 'large, serene' a starting point because of slav. raměnъ 'immense, strong, violent, sudden' (from here lit. er̃mas 'immense, monstrous', lett. ęr̃ms 'monkey, clown, strange appearance'ö), as 'shot up' to *er-, *or- (orior etc; compare formal ὄρμενος), not as 'sturdy, stout, well built, massive' belongs to *ar- 'to join, connect'.
Old Church Slavic jarьmъ 'yoke' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31), sloven. jérmen 'yoke strap, strap'; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: Old Church Slavic remenь, serb. rè́mēn etc 'strap'; Specht Dekl. 149 f.
Toch. В yarm, AB yörm 'measure'.
В. From the heavy base аrǝ-mo-: r̥̄-mo- 'arm'.
Old Indian īrmá-ḥ 'arm, shoulder' (originally 'shoulder joint', compare ἄρθρον, lat. artus 'joints') = av. аrǝmа- 'arm', osset. örm 'cupped hand', ölm-örịn, örm-örịn 'elbow',
lat. armus 'shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part of the upper arm, scapula' (from *ar/ǝ/mos), gall. aramō 'bifurcation, point of separation', (Wartburg I 119, Jud by Howald-Меуеr Röm. Schweiz 374 ff.), Old Prussian irmo f. 'arm', lit. ìrmėdė ('gout', i.e.:) 'gout in the joints', irm-liga 'gout, arthritis' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 347);
zero grade lit. žem. Pl. tant. armaĩ 'Vorderarm am Wagen' (ibd.), Old Church Slavic ramo, ramę, serb. rà́me 'shoulder', got. arms, ahd. etc arm 'arm', аrm. armukn 'elbow' (Höbschmann Arm. Stud. I 21).
Root form rē-, rǝ-:
Lat. reor, rērī 'to think, suppose, judge' (the most primitive metering and counting is accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted), participle ratus 'in the opinion, sense', but also 'determined, settled; calculated, certain, valid, legal', ratiō 'a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty'; after EM. 793 here (prō)portiō from portiōne =prō ratiōne;
got. *garaÞjan (only participle garaÞana) 'to count', an. hundrađ, nhd. Hundert (*rađa n. 'number' = lat. rătum 'to ratify, confirm, make valid'; s. Fick III4 336); ahd. girad 'even (only from numbers)', nhd. gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different from gerad = straight ahead), with new ablaut anord. tīḫrø̄đr actually 'count after tens' (Fick III4 336); got. raÞjō 'number, bill, account', as. rethia 'account', ahd. radja, redea 'account, speech and answer, story', afries. birethia 'accuse', as. rethiōn, ahd. red(i)ōn 'talk' (determines the precise correspondence from raÞjō with lat. ratio 'a reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation' e.g. Kluge11 s. v. 'speech' to the assumption of borrowing germ. words under influence from garaÞian; more properly Falk-Torp 886 raÞjō to determine as primary -i̯ōn-derivative from germ. root *raÞ-[garaÞjan]).
Whether here also anord. rǫđ 'row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining along the shore', mnd. rat f. 'row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank'ö (Fick III4 337; 'row; line; series; chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession; rank; order; progression; number; set; bank' as 'added on each other, stratified'ö).
Ahd. rāmen 'strive for something, strive, aim', as. rōmon 'strive', mhd. mnd. rām 'aim, purpose, target' our *rē-maybe suit as 'to arrange in one's mind, calculate', if, besides, this (the previous newer proves) Subst. rām must have been as formation with formants-mo- starting point.
dh-extension rē-dh-, rōḫdh-, rǝ-dh-:
Old Indian rādhnṓti, rā́dhyati 'prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with which has luck; contents, wins somebody', rādhayati 'manages, gives satisfaction', rādhaḫḥ m., rādhaḥ n. 'blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity';
Maybe alb. radha 'row', radhit 'count'.
av. rāδaiti 'makes ready', rāδa- m. 'social welfare worker', rādah- n. 'appropriate for oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard)', Old pers. rādiy (Lok. Sg.) 'weigh' (compare Old Church Slavic radi see under), npers. ārāyad, ārāstan 'decorate; adorn; bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish'; air. imm-rādim 'considers, thinks over', аcуmr. amraud 'suppose, think, mean', ncymr. amrawdd 'conversation' with ders. meaning as air. no-rāidiu, no-rādim 'says, tells', mcymr. adrawd 'tell' and got. rōdjan, anord. rø̄đa 'talk' (compare further also placed above nhd. Rede, reden; no-rāidiu and rōdjan, like sl. raditi, kaus.-iter. *rōdhei̯ō); got. garēdan 'whereupon be judicious, take precautions', urrēdan 'judge, determine' (compare to meaning esp. lat. rērī), undrēdan 'procure, grant', ahd. rātan 'advise, confer, contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to look after something, procure, provide, get', as. rādan, anord. rāđa, ags. rǣdan (latter also 'read', engl. read), Subst. ahd. rāt m. 'available means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention, precaution, stock, supply', similarly as. rād, anord. rād, ags. rǣd; Old Church Slavic raditi 'take care; be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater; fend; ensure; insure' (serb. râdîm, ráditi 'work, strive', rad 'business, work'; see Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi 'weigh', next to which *rǝdh- in Old Church Slavic nerodъ 'neglect (of dutyö)', sloven. rǫ́dim, rǫ́diti 'provide, take care'.
Maybe Old Church Slavic radi 'weigh' : alb. geg. randë 'heavy (*workö), sth that weighs a lot' ra aor. 'fall (sth heavy, weighty)' [nasalized form], randonj 'weigh', re 'care, attention', roje 'guard' [common alb. -d- > -j- shift between two vowels], ruanj 'to guard'.
Root form (a)rī̆-, rēi- (see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741):
Gr. ἀραρίσκω (if not neologism, see above S. 56), ἀριθμός 'number', νήριτος 'countless', arkad. ἐπάριτος 'ἐπίλεκτος, select; choice; exquisite', ἀριμάζει ἁρμόζει Hes.;
lat. rītus, -ūs 'conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner', rīte 'in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly' (Lok. one beside rīḫtuḫs lying conservative stem *rīḫt-);
air. rīm 'number', āram (*ad-ri-mā) ds., do-rīmu 'counts', cymr. rhif 'number', anord. rīm n. 'reckoning, calculation', as. unrīm 'immense number'', ags. rīm n. 'number', ahd. rīm m. 'row, order, number' (the meaning 'verse, rhyme' from anord. and mhd. rīm probably after Kluge10 s. v. Reim from frz. rime, which has derived from rythmus).
Maybe also *rēi- 'thing' (lat. rēs 'a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance' etc) after Wood ax 226 must be added as root noun meaning 'stacked up goods, piled-up possessions'.
Maybe is to be added also *rēi- 'thing' (lat. rēs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun meaning 'having stacked up property'.
In addition probably as dh-extension rēi-dh- (compare above rē-dh- besides rē-):
Got. garaiÞs 'arranged, certain', raidjan, garaidjan 'prescribe, determine', anord. g-reiđr 'ready, easy, clear', greiđa 'disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay, disburse, remit', mhd. reiten 'get everything set up, prepare, arrange, count, calculate, pay', reite, gereite, bereite, ahd. bireiti 'ready', antreitī 'series, ordo', lett. riedu, rizt 'order', raids 'raring, ready', ridi, ridas 'device, clamp'.
Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from Old Church Slavic orądije 'apparatus, instrumentum' (from ahd. ārunti 'message', see Pedersen concentration camp. 38, 310), rędъ 'order', lit. rínda 'row', lett. riñda 'row, number'. On condition of that these continue idg. d, not dh (*re-n-d-), one adds (e.g. Fick I4 527, Pedersen aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the following kin in: ὀρδέω 'put on a fabric', ὀρδικόν τὸν χιτωνίσκον. Πάριοι, ὄρδημα ἡ τολύπη τῶν ἐρίων Hes.,
lat. ōrdior, -īrī, ōrsus sum (from weaver's language, Bréal MSL. 5, 440) 'to begin a web, lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake', exōrdior 'to begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave', redōrdior 'to take apart, unweave, unravel', ōrdo, -inis 'a series, line, row, order' (also umbr. urnasier seems to be = ordinariis 'of order, usual, regular, ordinary', Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection agrees with ar- 'put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree', which would have been needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes. under artus, -ūs), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei̯ō as a causative iterative vocalism.
Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases arǝ-, ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:
Maybe alb. (*arānea) arnoj 'to repair, mend, sew, weave', arnë 'patch, piece of fabric' from lat. arānea, -eus 'spider'ö
Gr. ἀράχνη 'spider', lat. arāneus 'of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb', arānea, -eus 'spider' (*arǝ-k-snā; the word ending to *snē- 'to spin; weave, interweave, produce by spinning' as 'a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net'ö); supposedly in addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) gr. ἄρκυς 'net', ἀρκάνη τὸ ῥάμμα ᾡ τὸν στήμονα ἐγκαταπλέκουσιναἱ διαζόμεναι Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 lett. er'kuls 'spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum (for spinning)' (which can stand for *arkuls). Lidén IF. 18, 507 f. puts it better ἄρκυς to slav. *orkyta, serb. ràkita 'red pasture' and lett. ẽrcis, gr. ἄρκευθος 'juniper' as shrubs with branches usable against lichen.
References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.
See also: S. unten arqu- and erk-.
Page(s): 55-61
Root / lemma: ar-2 oder er-
English meaning: to distribute
German meaning: 'zuteilen; (med.) an sich bringen'
Grammatical information: with idg. nu-present
Material: Av. ar- (present ǝrǝnav-, ǝrǝnv-, preterit Pass. ǝrǝnāvī) 'grant, allow to be given; do guarantee', with us- and frā '(as an allotment) suspend and assign', frǝ̄rǝta- n. 'allotment (of sacrifices under likewise), offering' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.);
arm. aṙnum 'I take', Aor. aṙ (Höbschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; meaning from medial 'I allot to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself' compare Old Indian dálāmi 'give': ā datē 'to take something, to accept something'; also in:)
gr. ἄρνυμαι 'acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage', durative compared with ἀρέσθαι 'acquire, win', Aor. ἀρόμηv, ἠρόμην; μισθάρνης, μίσθαρνος 'potboiler, day laborer, wageworker', ἄρος n. 'usefulness, profit, use' (Aesch.);
hitt. ar-nu-mi 'I bring' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) belongs probably rather than a causative to 3. er- 'start to move'.
The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent.
References: WP. I 76 f.
Page(s): 61
Root / lemma: ar-3
English meaning: nut
German meaning: 'Nuß'
Note: (extends by -ēi-, -ōi-, -u-)
Material: G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines gr. ἄρυα τὰ ΏHρακλεωτικὰ κάρvα Hes., alb. arrë f. 'walnut-tree', Old Church Slavic orěchъ 'nut'. relation to lit. ríešutas, ruošutỹs 'hazelnut', lett. rieksts 'nut, hazelnut', Old Prussian buccareisis ''beechnut' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 314) accepts Specht Dekl. 62.
References: WP. I 77.
Page(s): 61
Root / lemma: ar-5
English meaning: to refuse; to lie
German meaning: 'verweigern, leugnen'ö
Note: (with n- formant)
Material: Gr. ἀρνέομαι (*ἀρνε-F-ομαι) 'refuses', ἄπαρνος, ἔξαρνος 'refusing, denying everything', ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει βοᾳ Hes.;
alb. rrêm 'false', rrêmë, rrênë 'lie', nërrój (from *rrënój) 'denies everything' (rr from rn; Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether arm. uranam 'denies everything, refuses', urast 'denial' would be used (with ur- from ōr-).
References: WP. I 78, Meillet BSL. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142.
See also: see also ōr-, ǝr- 'reden, rufen'.
Page(s): 62
Root / lemma: aro-m (*ĝher-)
English meaning: reed
German meaning: 'Schilfrohr'ö
Material: Gr. ἄρον n. 'bistort, kind of reed', ἀρί-σαρον 'therefrom a small kind';
lat. harundō 'a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd's pipe; a flute; a weaver's comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse'; to formation compare hirundō 'a swallow' and nebrundines : νεφροί 'the kidneys'.
Note:
Maybe alb. (*harundinis) dalëndyshe 'a swallow' : lat. harundo -inis f. 'a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f. 'swallow'. Similar phonetic setting alb. dimën 'winter' : lat. hiemo -are 'to winter, spend the winter' [see Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : 'winter; snow'
Lat. and alb. prove that the original Root / lemma: aro-m : 'reed' was (*ĝher-). Only lat., alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
There is no doubt that from illyr.-alb.- lat. (*harundinis) dalëndyshe 'a swallow' [common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived gr. χελιδών 'swallow', therefore Root / lemma: ghel- : 'to call, cry' derived from Root / lemma: aro-m : 'reed' (*ĝher-) where r/l allophones.
From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added lat. arista 'the beard of an ear of grain; hence the ear itself; also a harvest', aristis 'holcus, a green vegetable' is defeated because of his suggesting to genista f. 'the broom-plant' under likewise suffix strongly to the suspicion to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).
From Mediterranean languageö
References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.
Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: arōd-, arǝd-
English meaning: a kind of waterbird
German meaning: 'ein Wasservogel'
Material: Gr. ῥωδιός, ἐρωδιός 'heron' (ἐρῳδιός folk etymology in ending after -ίδιος), lat. ardea 'a heron' ds. (*arǝd-), anord. arta, aschwed. örta 'teal', Demin. anord. ertla, norw. erle 'wagtail', serb. róda 'stork' (*rǝdā́).
Maybe truncated alb. (*ῥωδιός) rosa, rosë 'duck', rika 'duckling, duck', rum. (*rada) raţă 'duck'.
Note:
Alb. and rum. prove that from Root / lemma: anǝt- : (duck) derived Root / lemma: arōd-, arǝd- : (a kind of waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]
References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.
Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: arqu-
English meaning: smth. bent
German meaning: 'Gebogenes'
Material: Lat. arcus, -ūs (stem is in -qu- from, compare alat. Gen. arquī, further argues, arquitenēns) 'a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow', arquātus, arcuātus (morbus) 'icteric, yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer from jaundice', probably eig. 'rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking' (compare Thes.); arcuātus also 'arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered (carriage)';
Note:
ital. arcobaleno 'rainbow' > rum. curcubeu 'rainbow' > alb. ylber 'rainbow'
umbr. arc̨lataf 'a round cake; acc.pl. ', wherefore v. Planta I 341, Götze IF. 41, 91 (*arkelo- with loss of the labialisation); got. arƕazna f. 'dart, arrow' (arƕa-zna, compare hlaiwazna), altn. ǫr (Gen. ǫrvar) f. 'dart, arrow', ags. earh f. ds. (engl. arrow), germ. *arhvō.
Maybe alb. hark 'bow' [alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-]
For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu̯-) would speak russ. rakíta, čech. rokyta, serb. rokita etc 'a kind of willow tree', where *arqūta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjörnsson BB. 20, 140) forms the basis, and gr. ἄρκευθος 'juniper', which word with with all likelyhood concerning this is to be drawn Lidén IF. 18, 507; in addition ἀρκευθίς 'juniper berry'.
Indeed, Lidén takes relationship with gr. ἄρκυς 'net' (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for what one compares under ar-1, S. 61.
Another connection for gr. ἄρκευθος and russ. rakíta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff., which more properly compares lett. ẽrcis, ẽcis (*ẽrcis) 'juniper';
further ẽrcêties 'torment oneself, grieve, straiten', ẽrceša 'a very quarrelsome person'; lett. ẽrkš(k')is 'thorn shrub' would be to Endzelin mixture from *erkīs and lit. erškė̃tis 'a thorn plant' corresponding as regards the root of the word form; gr. ἀρ- then would have to contain zero grade from *er-. S. under erk-.
References: WP. I 81, WH. I 64, EM. 69.
Page(s): 67-68
Root / lemma: aru̯ā (*heru̯ā)
English meaning: intestines
German meaning: 'Darm'ö
Material: Gr. ὀρύᾱ f. 'bowel', lat. arvīna f. 'grease, fat, lard, bacon', originally 'intestinal fat'ö (compare ahd. mitta-garni 'recumbent fat in the middle of the bowels'); ἀρβίννη κρέας. Σικελοί Hes. is lat. Lw.
Note:
Gr. (*horua) ὀρύα, alb. (*ĝhorna) zorrë 'bowel' [common alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation] prove that Root / lemma: aru̯ā (*heru̯ā): 'intestines' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā : 'bowels'. This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.
References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.
Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: ast(h)-
English meaning: 'bones'
German meaning: 'Knochen'
See also: s. ost(h)-.
Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: ati, ato-
Meaning: over, etc.
German meaning: 'about etwas hinaus', daher bei einer dem Sprecher zugewendeten Bewegung '(about den Standort of Sprechenden) zuröck', endlich einfach 'her' under Verblassen der Vorstellung eines öberrannten Zieles oder Ortes.
Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. II2, 844 f. the colouring of the beginning vowel stands firm through Lat.-Kelt. (Greek) as idg. a-, and it gives no good reason before, balt.-slav., germ. (and ar.) forms can be attributed to idg. *o-, by the book - following rules in a (very) strict way just because it would be a textbook example of ablaut to e- formed from *eti bildete. With eti (see there) at least equality meaning and exchange existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to etiö
Material: Old Indian áti 'about- onto (adnominal m. Akk.), exceedingly, very much' (Adv. and preverb), av. aiti-, Old pers. atiy- ds. Adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb (before i- 'go' as 'go by, pass by' and bar- 'carry, bear' as 'bring over again, to carry'); ar. ati can also represent idg. *eti.
Gr. presumably in ἀτ-άρ 'however' (compare αὐτάρ from αὖτ ᾽ἄρ; Brugmann-Thumb 623, KVG. 616; by connection with ἄτερ, got. sundrō, the att. it remained kind of unexplained). Lat. at 'but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection, but, you may say' from increasing - to opposing 'beyond it', what latter meaning in atḫavus, at-nepos (not in apprīmē under likewise, see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).
Gall. ate- (from *ati-) in Ategnātus (= mbret. (h)aznat, nbret. anat 'acquainted, known') under likewise, abrit. Ate-cotti 'the very old', air. aith-, preceding ad- 'against, un-', mcymr. at-, ncymr. ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II4 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);
here as *ate-ko-n probably mir. athach n. 'a certain time', cymr. adeg m. ds., compare gall. ATENOVX (name of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358ö
Got. аÞ-Þan 'but, however' (very doubtful is against it derivation from got. as. ak, ags. ac 'however', ahd. oh 'but, however' from *aÞ- + ke = gr. γε; differently, but barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = gr. ἄγε, lat. age 'go! well!').
Lit. at-, ata-, more recently also ati-, in nominal compound atō- 'back, off, away, from, up' (see Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 844 f.), Old Prussian et-, at- (probably only from balt. at-, Trautmann 46);
Old Church Slavic ot-, otъ 'away, since, ex, from', adnominal m. d. Gen.-Аbl., introduces Meillet Ét. 155 f. back to gen.-ablative *atos (in front of, before; in return for; because of, from = Old Indian ataḥ 'thenceforth'ö rather Pron.-stem *e- with ablat. Adv.-forms -tos); idg. *ati (and *eti) would be in addition Lok.; both remain very unsafe.
The double aspect lit. ata-: atō- reminds in pa-: pō (see *apo), (see *apo), and it is doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atōd a kind of o-stem formation. In the Slav. the form on long vowel is formed further in russ. etc. otáva 'grommet', as Old Prussian attolis, lit. atólas, lett. atãls, atals 'grommet' speaking for idg. older short vocalized form lit. ată- = idg. *ato- (compare to ending *apo, *upo):
air. do-, to- prefix 'to' with (idg.ö) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet aaO., Stokes BB. 29, 171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also illyr. to-, alb. te 'to, by' (Skok by Pokorny Urill. 50).
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.
Page(s): 70-71
Root / lemma: at-, *atno-
English meaning: to go; year
German meaning: 'gehen, Jahr'
Note:
Gr. ἔνος 'year' : lat. annus 'year' (*atnos) 'year' : Old Indian hā́yana- 'yearly', hāyaná- m. n. 'year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : 'year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno- : 'to go; year' : Root / lemma: u̯et- : 'year' [prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : 'winter; snow'.
Material: Old Indian átati 'goes, walks, wanders'. Moreover lat. annus 'year' from *atnos = got. Dat. Pl. aÞnam 'year'. compare Fick I2 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (meaning development like with germ. *jēram 'year' to i̯ē- 'go').
Maybe alb. geg. (*ant) vajt, tosk. vete, vajti aor. 'to go', (*iti) viti 'go around, year, all year around' [common alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal ḫ.
Lat. has followed alb. phonetic mutations t > nt > n, clearly lat. annus 'year' derived from Old Indian (*antanti) átati]
Note:
Etruscan follows alb. phonetic mutations Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly // derivated from Avil, by adding a adjectival suffix -xva.
Osk.-umbr. corresponds akno- 'year, festival time, sacrificial time' (with -tn- to -kn-, Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds lat. perennis 'the whole year; continuously' [perennis -e 'lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial', perennitas -atis f. 'duration, perpetuity', perenno -are 'to last many years'.], sollennis 'festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial, ritualistic; usual' (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL. 13, 23 ff., after omnisö); umbr. sevḫacni-, per-acni- 'sollennis', Subst. 'victim, sacrifice, sacrificial offering'.
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.
Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: augh-, ugh-
English meaning: nape
German meaning: 'Genick'
Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together Old Indian uṣṇíhā f. 'neck' (only Pl.) and gr. αὐχήν 'nape, throat, straits'.
In uṣṇíhā before lies diminutive suffix -ihā̆-, gr. -ιχα- . The beginning is *ughḫsḫnḫíghā the first gh is reduced being produced by dissimilation. To *ugh-s-no stands *au̯gh-en- in gr. αὐχήν compared with here arm. awj 'throat', awji-k 'cervical collar'; öol. ἄμφην 'nape, neck', öol. αὔφεν ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296; about gr. δάφνη: kypr. δαύχνα 'laurel' better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43 and Hoffmann Gr. Dial. II 500, Meister Gr. Dial. I 120).
References: WP. I 25, Adontz Mél. Boisacq 10.
Page(s): 87
Root / lemma: aug-
English meaning: to glance, see, dawn
German meaning: 'glönzen; sehen'
Note:
Probably Root / lemma: aug- : 'to glance, see, dawn' derived from Root / lemma: au̯es- : 'to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. '.
Material: Gr. αὐγή 'shine, ray, daylight; eye', αὐγάζω 'shines, illuminates; sees', ἐρι-αυγής 'shining very much';
alb. agój 'dawns', agume 'aurora, morning, dawn' (see Persson Beitr. 369);
Note:
Root / lemma: aug- : 'to glance, see, dawn' derived from Root / lemma: au̯es- : 'to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. '
gr. hom. ἠώς *(āusōs), Gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος), att. (with accent innovation) ἕως, dor. ἀ ̄ ώς, ἀ F ώρ, changing through ablaut öol. αὔως 'aurora' (proto gr. αυ [ σ ] ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη (*ἀαίη);
ἄγχαυρος 'near the morning', αὔριον 'tomorrow' (*αυσρ -); hom. ἤιε Φοῖβε 'radiative morning'; ἠι - κανός 'rooster, cock' (*āusi- 'singing in the morning early morning');
Maybe gr. ἄγχαυρος 'near the morning' : alb. agu 'dawn' s/ h allophones : Estonian agu 'daybreak, dawn' : Latvian ausma, sājums 'dawn'
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]
from also slav. iugъ 'south' (Fick KZ. 20, 168), russ. užinъ, užinaö
Probably wrong etymology since slav. iugъ 'south' : alb. jug 'south' must have derived from lat. iugum -i n. 'a yoke' - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root / lemma: i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g- : to tie together, yoke
References: WP. I 25.
Page(s): 87
Root / lemma: au1
English meaning: interjection of pain
German meaning: Ausruf of Schmerzes, der Verwirrung, Entröstung
Material: Old Indian o, lat. au 'Oh!', ags. ēa, mhd. ou(wē), nhd. au, lett. aũ, àu (disyllabic au, avu with displeasure, refusal, astonishment, surprise), poln. au, čech. ounder
References: WH. I 78.
Page(s): 71
Root / lemma: au-2, au̯-es-, au-s-
English meaning: to spend the night, sleep
German meaning: 'öbernachten, schlafen'
Material: Arm. aganim 'spends the night', vair-ag 'living in the country', aut 'spend the night, night's rest, station'.
Gr. ἰαύω 'sleeps' from redupl. *i-ausō, Aor. ἰ-αῦσαι, next to which unredupl. Aor. ἄεσα, Inf. ἀFέσ(σ)αι; αὖλις, -ιδος 'place of residence, camp, stable, night's lodging', αὐλίζομαι 'is in the court, spends the night', ἄγραυλος 'spending the night outside', αὐλή 'court, courtyard, dwelling' (originally probably 'the fenced in space around the house in which the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime'); from ἰαύω comes except ἰαυθμός 'Night's lodging',
μηλιαυθμός 'sheep stable', ἐνιαυθμός 'place of residence' (: hom. ἐνιαύειν 'have his rest accommodation') also gr. ἐνιαυτός actually 'rest, rest station', therefore the solstices as resting places in the course of the sun (solstitium), then 'year, solstice, anniversary' (different Specht Idg. Dekl. 15, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 4245, s. also en- 'year').
A heavy base *au̯ē-, *au̯ō- probably to be added hom. ἀωτεῖς ὕπνον (from Schulze Qunder ep. 72 directly to ἰαύω put under formal comparison from ἐρ(F)ωτάω : εἴρομαι from *ἔρFομαι) and ἄωρος (Sappho), ὦρος (Kallimachos) 'ὕπνος' (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298), wherefore ags. wērig, engl. weary, as. wōrag, wōrig 'tired, weary', ahd. wuorag 'inebriates'; about Old Indian vāyati 'gets tired'; see however, root au̯ē- 'strive oneself, exert'.
References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 690.
See also: Über u̯es- 'verweilen' see under besonderem Artikel.
Page(s): 72
Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-l-) [*heu-l-]
English meaning: tube, hole, *street
German meaning: 'Röhre, löngliche Höhlung'
Material: Gr. αὐλός m. 'pipe flute, long cavity', ἔν-αυλος m. 'riverbed', αὐλών m. f. 'mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait';
Old Church Slavic ulьjь, lit. aulỹs and secondarily avilỹs 'beehive', originally the cavity in the tree in which the swarm settles;
Note:
[probably Old Church Slavic avilỹs 'beehive' < vaulỹs; but prothetic v- before bare initial vowels has been attested in illyr., alb. and slav. tongues; maybe through metathesis au > ua alb. tosk (*hau-lo-) huall, geg. huell, hoje Pl. 'beehive, cavity' = lat. alvus 'beehive, cavity' [common alb. shift l > j], alb. hollë 'narrow, thin', alb. is the only language to have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-. Clearly the lat. cognate derived from illyr. and slav. cognates.
From (*halvus, alhwus) lat. alvus 'beehive, cavity' derived rum. albină 'bee', Portuguese abelha 'bee', Spanish abeja 'bee', French abeille 'bee' [common Italic and Greek -hw- > -b- phonetic mutation.
Old Church Slavic ulica f. 'street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass', lit. aũlas f., Old Prussian aulinis 'bootleg', Old Prussian aulis 'shinbone'.
Maybe zero grade in alb. tosk. udhë ullë 'road, street' [the common alb.-illyr.-lat. -dh- > -ll-, -d- > -l- shift]
Maybe Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-l-) : 'tube, hole, *street' derived from Root / lemma: u̯eĝh- : 'to move, carry, drive' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation]
Arm. uɫ, uɫi 'way' and (compare the meaning 'belly' from lat. alvus) yɫi 'pregnant' (with ablaut ū, Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives uɫarkem and ylem 'send in')*);
----------------------
*) arm. word with the ablaut grade idg. ū̆. from with the same lett. ula, ulá 'wheel hub'ö (would be the 'tubularly hole' in which the axis is inserted; Lidén IF. 19, 321).
----------------------
nnorw. aul, aule and (with idg. ēu- as a high step to au-) jōl 'angelica silvestris', anord. (huann-) jōli 'the hollow stems of angelica archangelica ', both plants call in Norway also sløke, whose basic meaning likewise 'tube, pipe' is (Falk-Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and from Schroeder to germ. ablaut 58 f. likewise boat name jolle 'dinghy').
Here with lat. rearrangement of aul- tu alu̯- also alvus m. f. 'belly, womb, stomach; hold of a ship, beehive', alveus 'a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship; bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table', although time and limitation of the rearrangement are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb.2 78).
References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.
Page(s): 88-89
Root / lemma: au-3 (au̯e); u̯ē̆-
English meaning: from, away, of
German meaning: 'herab, weg von -'
Material: Old Indian áva 'from, down', mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely preposition m. Abl., av. ap. ava prefix 'down' and (while more the purpose than the starting point of the movement came to the consciousness) 'whereupon to, to what, near' (e.g. avabar- 'to take there, carry away' and 'to take there, procure, supply, get'), also preposition m. Akk. 'there, there in'; therefrom Old Indian ávara- 'inferior' and av. aorā 'after, below, down' (after parā extended from avarǝ);
av. avarǝ Adv. 'below, down'= Old Indian avár RV. I 133, 7; Old Indian aváḥ (avás) 'down', whereof avastād 'under'; without auslaut vowel (compare av. ao-rā̆) Old Indian ō- e.g. in ō-gaṇá-ḥ 'single, pathetic' (: gaṇáḫḥ 'troop, multitude'; Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 54);
gr. αὐ- probably in αὐχάττειν ἀναχωρεῖν, ἀναχάζεσθαι Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);
illyr. au- '(of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at' in proper namesö (Krahe IF. 49, 273);
lat. au- 'away, off, gone' in auferō 'to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw, remove' (= av. áva-bharati, av. avaḫbar-), aufugiō 'to flee away, run away, escape';
gall. au-tagis 'διάταξιςö' (Vendryes BSL. 25, 36);
air. perhaps ō, ūa 'from, with, by', as a preposition m. dat., acymr. hou, more recently o 'if', o preposition 'from';
Old Prussian lit. lett. au- 'away, from' (e.g. lett. au-manis 'not- sensical, nonsensical'), Old Church Slavic u prefix 'away, from', e.g. uḫmyti 'to give a wash, wash away' (u-běžati 'flee from'), as preposition m. Gen. 'from' (with verbs of the desire, receive, take) and, with fading of the concept of the starting point, 'by, from';
maybe alb. particle of passive u 'by, from' used before verbs in passive voice.
hett. preverb u- (we-, wa-) 'here', aḫwaḫan 'away' (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.).
thereof with t-forms aut(i)o-: gr. αὔτως 'unavailingly, in vain', αὔσιος ds. and got. auÞja- (N. Sg. *auÞeis or *auÞs) 'desolate, leave' (*'remote'), auÞida 'desert', ahd. ōdi, nhd. öde, anord. auđr 'desolate'; air. ūathad 'item, particular, sort'. - goes to the frightening wilderness, wilderness also mir. ūath 'fright, terrible' (are to be kept away cymr. uthr 'terrible', corn. uth, euth, bret. euz 'fright')ö At least is their connection with lat. pavēre 'to quake with fear, panic; transit. to quake at, tremble' everything rather than sure, see pou- 'fear'.
Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to- in alb. hut 'in vain, blank, vainly', u̯e-to- (see unten *u̯ē̆-) in gr. οὑκ ἐτός 'not free of charge, not without reason', ἐτώσιος (F by Homer) 'in vain, without success, pointless'.
Maybe truncated alb. (*hot) kot 'in vain, without success, pointless'; alb. is the only IE language to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- > k-.
to combine *u̯ē̆̆- with *au̯- probably under *au̯e-:
lat. *vĕ- in vēscor 'to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy' originally 'whereof to eat up' (: esca), from which back formation vēscus 'greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling off); underfed';
again alb. eshkë 'fungus' : lat. esca 'food, victuals, esp. as bait'. Prothetic v- added to bare initial vowels is an alb.-illyr. phonetic mutation.
vē- to indication faulty too much or too little, vē-cors 'senseless, mad, moves, treacherous', vē-grandis 'diminutive, not large, tiny', vēsānus 'mad, insane; of things, furious, wild', Vē-jovis, umbr. veḫpurus (Abl. Pl.), wheather '(ἱερὰ) ἄπυρα'.
Note:
Also in alb. vē- to indication faulty too much or too little: alb. vështirë 'difficult, hard' from (vē- shtirë (participle of alb. shtynj 'push with difficulty') see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : 'to push, hit'.
u̯o-: Gr. Fο- in ark. Fο-φληκόσι, att. ὀ-φλισκάνω, ὀφείλω, lesb. ὀ-είγην 'open', att. οἴγω, more recently οἴγνυμι (Prellwitz2 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913, 159).
u̯es-: With Old Indian avás 'down' attached together formant germ. wes- in nhd. West, ahd. westar 'westwards', anord. vestr n. 'westen', Adv. 'in the west, against west' (*u̯es-t(e)ro-, compare anord. norḫđr), ahd. westana 'from west' etc (Brugmann IF. 13, 157 ff.; about the explanation of the Wisigothae as 'West-Goths, Visigoths' s. Kretschmer Gl. 27, 232).
Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, idg. u̯esperos and u̯eqeros, see there.
Relationship from idg. *au̯-, u̯ē̆- with the Pron.-stem au-, u- 'yonder, over there' as 'on the other side, from there' is conceivable.
References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 72-73
Root / lemma: au-4, u- (: u̯ē̆-, u̯o-)
English meaning: that; other
German meaning: Pronominalstamm 'jener', also gegenöberstellend 'alter, alius', 'andrerseits, hinwiederum', in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Satzgliedern gesetzt 'dér einerseits - dér andrerseits', 'einerseits - andrerseits'.
Material: au̯o: Old Indian av. Old pers. ava- 'that'; Old Church Slavic aruss. ovъ- - ovъ- 'on the one hand - on the other hand which appears - other', ovogda - ovogda 'one time - the other time' (from this correlative use only poln. ów corresponds to English deictic "I" and serb. òvaj a deictic word meaning "that", also nbulg. -v [*u̯o-s] developed).
u-: Old Indian amú- (Akk. Sg. amúm etc) 'that, yonder', arise from Akk. Sg. m. *am (= idg. *eḫm 'eum') + *um (Akk. Sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III 550 f.
Toch. A ok, В uk 'still', A oki 'as, and', A okāk 'up to', perhaps only *uḫg (zero grade to got. auk); from in addition В om(p)ne, omte 'there'ö
Particle Old Indian u 'thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it', emphasizing esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles (nō 'and not, not' = ná́ u, athō = atha u), gr. -υ in πάν-υ 'even very much',
got. -u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qʷe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173); this u also in Old Indian a-sāú m. f. 'that, yonder', av. hāu m. f., ap. hauv m. 'that, yonder', Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.
Particle Old Indian uḫtā, in both parts 'on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon, - as', or only in the second part, a little bit opposing 'and, thus' (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-uta, praty-uta),
av. uta, ap. utā 'and, and also'; gr. ἠύτε 'just as' from *ἠF(ε) + υτε (originally 'as on the other hand', 'as, also'), but hom. εὖτε 'ὅτε' from εὖ + τε after Debrunner IF. 45, 185 ff.; δεῦτε is formed in addition to δεῦρο; also οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο most probably from ὁ, ἁ, το + υτε with additional final inflection;
wgerm. -od in as. thar-od, ahd. thar-ot 'thither, there', as. her-od, ahd. her-ot 'here', whereupon also as. hwarod 'whither, where', ahd. warot 'whither, where' (from *uteö or from *utā̆ö Also *aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).
Here av. uiti, gthav. ūitī 'so', but not lat. ut and utī, alat. utei.
Beside u, utā etc. stands with the ablaut grade idg. au-:
gr. αὖ 'on the other hand, again', *αὖτι 'again' (extended to ion. αὖτις, gort. αὖτιν, after antique grammarians for 'right away, there', where from αὐτίκα 'at the moment, straight away', αὖ-θι'on the spot, here, there', αὖτε 'again, thus, further'; lat. aut (*auti) 'or', autem 'however' (to the form see WH. I 87), osk. aut, auti 'or' and 'but, on the other hand, on the contrary, however' (to meaning see v. Planta II 465);
maybe alb. geg. o 'or' from ital. o 'or'
umbr. ute, ote 'aut'; perhaps got. auk 'then, but', anord. auk 'also, and', ags. ēac, as. ōk, ahd. ouh 'and, thus, but', nhd. also = gr. αὖ-γε 'again'.
Pedersen Pron. dém. 315 supposes gr. αὖ suitable form in the initial sound of from alb. a-që 'so much'. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in gr. αὐ-τός as '(he) himself - (he) of his own, self'; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613 f.
Maybe alb. (*aut-) vetë 'self' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].
With r-forms airan. avar 'here', lit. aurè 'see there!', zero grade umbr. uru 'that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former', ura-ku 'ad illam', ures 'illis' (orer ose rather with ŏ = ŭ as = lit. au); perhaps δεῦρο 'here, well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now")' (δεύρω after ὀπίσσω under likewise, inschr. δεῦρε after ἄγε) from *δέ-υρο (δε 'here' + αὐρο 'here'), Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612, 632.
u̯ḗ-, u̯o-: meaning 'or' (= 'on the other hand') esp. in Old Indian vā 'or' (also 'even, yet; meanwhile; probably, possibly'; also confirming vāi), av. ap. vā 'or' (particle of the emphasis and assurance),
Old Indian av. vā - vā 'either - or', gr. ἠ-(F)έ, ἤ (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress for ἦ-(F)ε, as yet in the second part of the double question),
lat. -vĕ 'or' (also in ceu, sīve, seu, nēve, neu), also probably ir. nó, abret. nou 'or' (if from *neḫu̯e 'or not'' with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences, Thurneysen Grammar 551;
not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative *neu̯e of the verb ir. at-nói 'he entrusts with him', gr. νεύω); toch. В waḫt 'where'.
compare also Old Indian i-vá (: va = ἰ-δέ: δέ) 'just as, exactly the same way', ē-vá 'in such a way, exactly the same way, just, only', ēvám 'so, thus' (behaves to be confirmed vāi and vā - vā as ēḫna- 'this' to nā - nā 'in different way', originally 'thus and thus'; with ē-vá corresponds gr. οἶ(F)ος 'only' ('*just only'), av. aēva-, Old pers. aiva- 'an, one' (compare with no- demonstrative idg. *oiḫnoḫs 'an, one').
References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II2 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m. Lit. II2 3, 987,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. αὖ, etc
WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.
Page(s): 73-75
Root / lemma: auqʷ(h)- : uqʷ(h)- and beside it probably as andere lengthened grade u̯eqʷ(h)-
English meaning: cooking pot
German meaning: 'Kochtopf, Wörmepfanne'
Material: Lat. aulla, aula, vulg. ōlla 'jar, pot' from *auxlā, Demin. auxilla (fal. olna in ending after urna); probably alb. anë f. 'vessel' (from *auqʷnāö Jokl. Stud. 3); Old Indian ukhá-ḥ m., ukhā́ 'pot, saucepan'; got. aúhns m. (*ukʷnós) 'oven, stove', with gramm. variation anorw. ogn, aschwed. oghn ds.
Maybe alb. (*ahna) ena 'dish' : Indic AnvA 'oven, furnace'.
Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: gr. gr. ἰπνός, older ἱπνός 'stove' (after Fick III4 29 between, Oštir WuS. 5, 217, Göntert Abl. 25 from *u̯eqʷ-nós; not *uqʷnós, s. Boisacq m. Lit.), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *ὑκFνός through dissimilatorischen sound changeöö (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);
Note:
Common gr. - celt. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation.
bret. offen f. 'stone trough' in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *uppā; ags. ofnet 'small vessel', ofen, ahd. ovan, anord. ofn 'stove, oven' (likewise leadable back in *ueqʷnos; beginning u̯- caused as in wulfa- 'wolf' the development from -lv- to -f-, during got. etc auhns goes back to idg. *uqʷ-nós; then the loss of w- in Ofen then must be explained indeed from influence of this sister's form *uhna-).
From the assimilated form aschwed. omn, mundartl. umn 'stove' is probably borrowed Old Prussian wumpnis 'oven', umnode 'bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove'. S. Meillet MSL. 9, 137, Meringer IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Germ. Lw. studies, Falk-Тоrp under ovn, weigand herdsman and clever under Ofen.
To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.
References: WP. I 24, WH. I 84, 850, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 258.
See also: (compare S. 84 f. aug-: u̯eg-, oldest au̯eg-)
Page(s): 88
Root / lemma: aus- (*heuks)
English meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood
German meaning: 'schöpfen'
Root / lemma: aus- : 'to draw (water), ladle' derived from the stem: au̯/е /-, au̯ent-: of Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : 'to flow, to wet; water, etc. '.
Material: Gr ἐξαύω 'scoops, extracts, takes from' (simple αὔω), ἐξαυστήρ μέτρου ὄνομα, καταῦσαι ἐξαντλήσαι, καταδῦσαι, καθαῦσαι ἀφανίσαι (Spritus asper after the former present tense *αὕω from *αὔσω, Sommer Gr. Lautst. 2 f.)
under likewise with zero grade *us- ἀφ-ύω, ἀφ-ύσσω (latter from Aor. ἀφύσσαι) 'scoops', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
ἀφυσμός ἀπάντλησις Suidas and ἀρύω 'scoops', originally *Fᾱρ (: Old Indian vār 'water')*ὔ[σ]ω 'scoops water', ἀρυστήρ 'vessel for ladling'.
Anord. ausa 'to scoop', austr 'scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake', ndd. ūtoesen 'to draw (water), ladle, scoop', schwöb. Öse 'vessel for ladling'.
Lat hauriō, -īre, hausī, haustum 'to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb, swallow; to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to exhaust, weaken, waste', then also 'slurp, tie, suffers', poet. 'wounds', with secondary h as casual in humerus.
References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6444.
Page(s): 90
Root / lemma: au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug-, ug-
English meaning: to magnify, increase
German meaning: 'vermehren, zunehmen'
Note: with s-forms au̯ek-s-, auk-s-, u̯ek-s-, uk-s-
Material: Old Indian ugrá- 'immense' (compounds Sup. ṓjīyas-, ṓjiṣ̌ṭha- 'the stronger one, strongest') = av. ugra- 'strong, hard' (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojišta-).
lat. augeō, -ēre 'to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend', auctor (= umbr. uhtur) 'a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc', auctiō 'an increasing; hence, from the bidding, an auction', augmen(tum) 'an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake' (= lit. augmuõ 'increase, growth', Old Indian ōjmán- m. 'strength'), augur 'a seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur' from *augos 'aggrandizement' (WH. I 83);
got. aukan (preterit aíauk), auknan 'increase', ana-, bi-aukan 'to append, subjoin, add on', ahd. ouhhōn, as. ōkian 'increase', ags. ēacian 'increase', īecan 'increase', anord. auka (preterit jōk and aukađa) 'increase', st. participle ags. ēacen, as. ōkan 'increased, pregnant';
lit. áugu, áugti (lengthened grade) 'increase, grow', auginù, -ìnti 'allow to grow, educate, bring up', changing through ablaut pa-ūgė́ti 'grow up', ũgis 'growth, annual growth', lett. aûdzêt, aûdzinât 'gather', Old Prussian auginnons particle Perf. Akt. 'drawn, pulled',
alett. aukts 'high' = lat. auctus 'to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend', lett. aũgt 'grow', as also thrak. Αὐθί-παρος 'high ford', Old Prussian Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan 'authority', aucktimmien 'chief',
next to which with s of -es-stem (see below) lit. áukštas, lett. aûksts 'high' (: lat. augustus 'consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified'), Old Prussian auck-timmiskan f. (Akk.) 'authority', Old Prussian aūgus 'costive, constipated' (as 'increasing'), lit. áugumas, lett. aûgums 'increase, growth';
es-stem Old Indian ṓjas- n. 'vigorousness, strength', av. aojah-, aogah- (also r-stem aogarǝ) 'vigorousness, strength', lat. augustus see above (also lit. etc áukštas); in addition with s in the verb:
Old Indian vákṣaṇaḫm 'strengthening', vakṣáyati 'allows to grow', av. vaxšaiti 'allows to grow', next to which with the weakest root grade Old Indian úkṣati ''gains strength' (Perf. vavákṣa), av. uxšyeiti 'grows'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
got. wahsjan 'grow' (= Old Indian vakṣayati, idg. Iter.-Kaus. *u̯okséi̯ō; with it that combined ō- gradation Perf. wōhs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);
gr. ἀ(F)έξω 'grow, increase', ἀέξομαι 'grows'; αὔξω, αὐξάνω 'grow, increase', lat. auxilium 'help, aid, assistance, support, succor' (originally Pl. -iа 'strengthening, reinforcements', N. Pl. auxilis 'auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power');
anord. vaxa, vexa 'grow', ahd. wahsan, nhd. wachsen, wuchs, wherefore e.g. got. wahstus 'accretion, growth, body size', ahd. wa(h)smo 'growth' under likewise;
toch. A oksiš 'grows', A okšu, В aukšu 'old'; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also here AB oko 'fruit', A okar 'plant'; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Here with zero grade u̯ōg-: got. wōkrs m. 'interest', ags. wōcor f. 'progeny, interest' (compare gr. τόκος in the same meaning), ahd. wuohhar m. 'yield of the ground, fetus, progeny, profit, interest, usury' (in addition steir. wiech 'extensive, excessive, rich in leaves' as umlautö
A little bit differently Schroeder Abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form au̯eg- the grade u̯eg- is covered in air. fēr, cymr. gwair 'grass, herbage'; probably with the same ablaut Old Indian vā́ja-ḥ 'strength, property, wealth, the prize (won in a contest) [The Greeks gave a wreath of laurels to winners in the Pythian games], race', originally 'quick, successful, energy', Oldenberg ZdMG. 50, 443 ff.
References: WP. I 22 f., WH. I 82 f., 850, Feist 67, 541, 572, Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Page(s): 84-85
Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-)
English meaning: bird, *water bird
German meaning: 'Vogel'
Note:
Both Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-): bird, *water bird : Root / lemma: akʷā- (*ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : water, river, derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh- : young of an animal or bird; common gr. gh- > h- phonetic mutation.
Material: Old Indian víḥ, vḗḥ m. 'bird' (Gen. vēḥ, Akk. vim), av. vīš ds. (G. Pl. vayąm, also with themat. case from stem vaya-), mpers. vāi, vāyandak 'bird', Old Indian vayas- n. 'fowl, bird', vāyasa-ḥ 'bird, crow'; verbal av. ā-vayeiti 'flies up' (from divinities), Old Indian vēvīyatē 'flutters'.
Note:
Common zero grade in alb. (*avidos) vide, vidhezë 'dove' : Old Indian víḥ, vḗḥ m. 'bird'.
Gr. αἰετός 'eagle', att. ἀ̄ετός, αἰβετός, ἀετός Περγαῖοι Hes. (*αFι̯-ετός);
Maybe nasalized alb. geg. (*hegʷ-os, hab-os) > *gabôjë, gabonjë, shkab(*-on-)ë, shqiponjë 'eagle' : gr αἰβετός (*α F ι ̯- ετός) 'eagle' : diminutive lat. (*aku̯ei-la) aquila 'eagle'.
Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh- : young of an animal or bird : Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-): bird, *water bird similar phonetic mutations as hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) 'grandfather' see Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*gḫue-gḫue-as) (*ghehu̯o-s): grandfather: the original root was a dublicated (*gḫue-gḫue-as) hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) 'grandfather' that was abbreviated into Root / lemma: au̯o-s: grandfather; Root / lemma: sūs- (*ghus): parent : alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh 'grandfather'.
alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze 'dove';
Note:
Common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation. Hence Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) : 'bird, water bird' evolved simultaneously with Root / lemma: akʷā- (*ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : 'water, river'.
lat. avis f. 'bird' (therefrom auca 'bird, esp. goose';
Back-formation from Demin. aucella from *avicella; false by WH. I 79) = umbr. avif Akk. Pl. 'birds' (aviekate D. Sg. 'the taken auspices', aviekla 'relating to an augur or augury');
cymr. hwyad, acorn. hoet, bret. houad 'duck' from *au̯i̯etosö (Pedersen KG. I 55). Arm. hav 'bird, cock, hen' can have indeed suggestion -h, but also as *pǝu̯- belong to *pōu̯- 'the young, boy' (slav. pъta 'bird' etc).
References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.
See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for 'egg', see under ōu-.
Page(s): 86
Root / lemma: au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē-
English meaning: to blow
German meaning: 'wehen, blasen, hauchen'
Grammatical information: participle u̯ē-nt-
Note: in slav. languages often from the 'throw dice', i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of the chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind.
Material: I. belong to light root form au̯(e)-:
a. Gr. ἄος (if not late neologism), -ᾱής (see under II a).
b. Mcymr. awyđ 'violent gust of wind', acorn. awit 'air' (*au̯eido-);
c. u̯e-dhro- presumably in anord. veđr n. 'wind, air, weather', as. wedar n. 'weather, bad weather', ahd. wetar 'weather, scent, free air, wind (of animals)' and Old Church Slavic vedro 'cheerful weather', vedrъ 'jovial, merry (from the weather)';
u̯ĕ-d- perhaps in gr. ἑδανός 'fragrant'; in u̯ĕ-dh- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting still ἐθμή ἀτμός, καπνὸς λεπτός, ἀτμή Hes.).
d. r-, l- derivatives: gr. αὔρα 'aerial breath, draft' (places light root form au̯ĕ- ahead, as ἄελλα, ἀετμόν, Wetter, see under); but ἀήρ, Gen. ἠέρος 'smoke, fog, air' stays away, see under u̯er- 'bind, hang up'.
Gr. ἄελλα, öol. αὔελλα 'storm' (*ἄFελ-ι̯ᾰ); cymr. awen 'inspiration', awel f. 'wind, breath', acorn. auhel 'aura, heaven, breeze', mcorn. awel 'weather', brit. Lw. mir. ahél (h hiatus sign), aial 'wind, breath'. According to Thurneysen Grammar 125 air. oal 'mouth' from *au̯elā.
e. au̯-et- in gr. ἀετμόν τὸ πνεῦμα Hes., ἄετμα φλόξ Et. M., ἀτμός (contracted from ἀετμός) 'vapour, smoke, smoke', with zero grade, but analogical absorption of ἀ-: ἀυτμή 'breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire', ἀυτμήν ds.
II. belong to heavy root form:
a. uē-, uǝ-: Old Indian vāti, av. vāiti 'blows', gr. ἄησι ds., kypr. ζάει (read ζάη with ζ from *dj-) Hes. (that α in ἄησι perhaps prothetic; from light root form come gr. ἄος πνεῦμα Hes.;
maybe alb. (**u̯ē-nts) vesh 'strike, blow, hit'.
ἀκρᾱής 'sharp blowing', δυσᾱής 'adverse blowing', ὑπερᾱής 'excessive blowing' with stretch in compound); besides the participle *u̯ē-nt- 'blowing' (Old Indian vānt-, gr. Akk. ἄεντα) stand *u̯ē-nto-s 'wind' in lat. ventus, got. etc winds, ahd. wint, cymr. gwynt 'wind', wherefore lat. ventilāre '(*expose to a draught, brandish, fan), oscillate, vibrate', ventilābrum 'throw shovel', got. diswinÞjan 'separate the grain (the wheat) from the chaff', winÞiskaúrō 'throw shovel' (germ. Þ, next to which with gramm. variation d in:) ahd. wintōn 'winnow, fan', winta, wintscūvala 'winnowing shovel', ags. windwian 'to expose to the hoist, winnow, fan' (engl. winnow); toch. A want, В yente 'wind'.
About hett. hu-u-wa-an-te-eš (h(u)u̯anteš) 'hoist' (ö) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the word as '(hurrying) clouds' to hu-wa-a-i 'runs, flees', which also belongs here; see Couvreur Ḫ 119 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6804 .
n- present: gr. αἱνω from *ἀFά-ν-ι̯ω (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694) and ἁ̄νέω from *ἀFανέω 'clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves', Fᾶναι περιπτίσαι Hes. (delivers γάναι περιπτύσαι; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on such zero grade n- present, but in meaning 'blow', thus Old Prussian wins 'air', Akk. winnen 'weather'ö
i̯o-present (or from root form *u̯ēi- ö): Old Indian vāyati 'blows', av. fravāyeiti 'goes out'', got. waían waíwō, ags. wāwan, ahd. wājan, wāen 'blow', Old Church Slavic vějǫ, vějetъ 'blow' and 'winnow, fan' (therefrom russ. vě́jalo, sloven. vėvnica, poln. wiejaczka 'winnowing shovel, a winnowing-fan'); nominal: lit. vė́jas 'blow'; Old Indian vāyú-ḥ, av. vāyuš 'blow, wind, air'.
For root-like value of -i- leads the sound grade *u̯ī̆- to the following words in which give space, however, partly to other views: Old Church Slavic vijalь, vijalica 'storm, weather', russ. vьjálica 'snow flurry' (also vějálica!), vьjuga 'blizzard, snowstorm', zavьjátь 'snow-covered, covered with snow', čech. váti (*vьjati) 'blow' (only slav. developments from vortonigem věj-ö);
r.-Church Slavic vichъrъ (*u̯ēisuro-) 'whirlwind' (in any case, at first to russ. vichatь 'shake, move', vichljatь 'toss, fling', s. Brugmann Grundr. II1 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70, and probably as 'whirl, swing in the circle' to *u̯eis- 'turn');
lit. výdra, vidras 'gale' (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lit. very rare forms -dra - compare really lit. vė́tra 'storm' - urges to caution);
hom. ἄιον ἦτορ, θυμὸν ἄισθε, αίσθων from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), gr. root ἀFισ-; mcymr. awyđ s. 82 above.
b. au̯ē-d-: ahd. wāzan, wiaz, mhd. wāzen 'blow, exhale, inflate', wāz 'gust of wind', lit. vėdìnti 'ventilate, cool'; at most gr. ἀάζω 'breathes' from *ἀFάδ-ι̯ω (rather, however, gr. neologism of after other verbs in -άζω);
presumably also (from *au̯ǝ-d-ro-) lit. áudra m. 'storm', n. 'thunderstorm', Old Prussian wydra 'blow'. About Old Indian ūdhar n. 'chillness, cold', av. аоδarǝ, aota ds. compare Persson Beitr. 11.
c. u̯ē-lo- perhaps in lat. ēvēlātus 'scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly', whence vēlābra 'something winnowing the grain' (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in ahd. wāla m. n. 'fans' (if not from *wēḫÞla, see under)ö
d. u̯ē-s-: Old Indian vāsa-ḥ, vāsaka-ḥ 'fragrance', vāsayati 'fills with fragrance', saṃvāsita-ḥ 'makes stinking'; isl. vās 'frigid aura', væsa 'exhale, blow, breathe', ndl. waas 'white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance', lit. vė́stu, vė́sti 'cool off, become chill or become aerial', vėsà 'chill air, coolness', vė́sus 'chilly, aerial'.
e. t- further formations: Old Indian vāta-ḥ, av. vātō 'blow', Old Indian vātula-ḥ (see under), gr. ἀήτης 'blowing, wind', ἀήσυρος 'windy, aerial' = Old Indian vātula 'windy' (also 'mad; crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced'; in addition also perhaps gr. ἀήσυλος 'sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked' after Brugmann BSGW. 1901, 94; in spite of αἴσυλος ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to Old Indian yātu-ḥ 'spook, ghost');
lat. vannus 'winnowing-fan' (from *u̯at-nó-s, compare the Demin. vatillum originally 'a small winnowing shovel'; from lat. comes ahd. wanna, ags. fann 'winnowing-fan', also nhd. Wanne);
anord. vēl, vēli 'whisk, tail' (about syncopated *veÞla- from *vaÞila-), ahd. wedil ds.; ahd. wadal 'tail, fan', Adj. 'wandering, fickle, beggar', wadalōn 'sweep in a curve, rove' (proto Germanic *waÞla-, idg. *u̯ǝ-tlo-), ags. waÞol 'wandering', wǣdla 'beggar, poor', wǣdl 'poverty', wǣdlian 'beg, be poor' (proto Germanic *wēÞla-), next to which ahd. wallōn 'wander, gad about, pilgrimages', ags. weallian 'wander; roam; travel; journey; drift; float; rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp' (from *wāđlṓ-ja-n); ahd. wāla 'fans' (from *wē-Þla- or *wē-la-, see above); lit.vė́tra 'storm', thunder - storm', Old Church Slavic větrъ 'air, blow', Old Prussian wetro 'blow'; lit. vė́tyti 'winnow, fan'.
Maybe alb. (*vė́tytinj) 'strike (lightning)' : lit. vė́tyti 'winnow, fan'
About Old Indian úpа-vājayati 'make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)' (composed from Pāṇini as Kaus. to vā-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.
Maybe alb. vatra, vatër 'hearth, (place where one blows the fire)'
Maybe here gr. ἄεθλος (see au̯ē-11 'strive oneself') as 'gasp, pant, wheeze'ö
References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.
Page(s): 81-84
Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- (*aku̯ent- : aḫu̯ent-)
English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.
German meaning: 'benetzen, befeuchten, fließen'
Note:
From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : 'snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-
: 'water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : 'lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : 'water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root / lemma: akʷā- 'water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : 'to flow, to wet; water, etc. '
Material: a) au̯/е/-, au̯ent-:
Note:
The following mutations have taken place: Root: akʷā- > aku̯/е /-, aku̯ent- > au̯/е /-, au̯ent-:
Hisp. FlN Avo[s] > span. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga; gall. FlN Aveda > prov. Avèze (Gard), Avisio portus (Alpes-mar.);
Old Indian avatáḫḥ m. 'fountains, wells' (*au̯n̥tos), avaṭá-ḥ 'cistern, tank' (with prakrit. ṭ from t), ital. FlN Avēns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventīnus m. hill of Romeö), Aventia (Etrurian), gall. Aventia, spring nymph of Aventicum > frz. Avenches (Schweiz), numerous FlN Avantia (*au̯n̥tiā) > frz. Avance, La Vence, abrit. *Avantīsā > cymr. Ewenni; alit. FlN Avantà, lett. avuõts (*au̯ontos) 'sources, wellspring, spring'.
b) au̯ed-, aud-, ū̆d-;
Note:
The zero grade of Root / lemma: akʷā- 'water, river' has been suffixed in nasalized -(n)dor, -(n)tor: *(a)ku̯/е /-, *(a)ku̯entor, *(a)hu̯entor) > (a)u̯ed-, (a)ud-, ū̆d-(*(a)hu̯ed-):
heteroklit. r/n-stem u̯édōr, u̯ódōr (Nom. Sg.), udén(i) (Lok.Sg.), udnés (Gen. Sg.) 'water', compare J. Schmidt Pl. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273.
Old Indian ōdatī 'the soaking, the flowing', ōdman- n. 'the waves, floods', ōda-ná-m 'mash boiled in milk', av. (*ahuoda) aoδa- m. 'wellspring, fount'.
Old Indian unátti (*u-n-ed-ti), 3. Pl. undáti 'soaked, moistened'; av. vaiδi- f. 'water run, irrigation canal'.
Old Indian udán(i) Lok., udnáḥ Gen., udā́ Nom. Akk. Pl. 'water' (Nom. Akk. Sg. udakáḫm); from r-stem derived samudraḫḥ 'sea', anudraḫḥ 'waterless' (= gr. ἄνυδρος);
udro-s 'water animal': Old Indian udráḫḥ 'a water animal' = av. udra- m. 'otter' (= gr. ὕδρος, ahd. etc ottar, compare also lat. lutra and with ū lit. údra, Old Church Slavic vydra ds.);
also nasalized alb. (*lutra) lundra 'otter' a Latin loanword
from -(e)s-stem Old Indian (*hutsa-) utsaḫḥ 'spring, well', compare air. (*hudeski̯o-) uisce (*udeski̯o-) 'water';
Note:
The following phonetic mutations have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)ku̯ent- > gu̯et, zero grade in slav. (a)hu̯eda- > voda, zero grade in phryg. (a)ku̯edu > βεδυ [common Greek gʷ> b, kʷ> p phonetic mutation]:
arm. (*gwet) get 'river' (basic form *u̯edō, Sandhi form to u̯edōr, compare under slav. voda; it corresponds also phryg. βεδυ 'water', i.e. *vedū from *u̯edō, Kretschmer Einl. 225).
Maybe alb. (*gu̯et) det 'sea' : arm. get 'river' common alb. gu̯- > d- phonetic mutation.
Note:
Maybe phryg. βεδυ 'water' : nasalized illyr. Bindus 'water god' [common illyr. gu̯- > b- phonetic mutation].
Maybe alb. geg. bdorë, vdorë, dzborë 'snow, snowfall' : gr. ὕδωρ 'water' common illyr. gw- > b- phonetic mutation.
Gr. ὕδωρ, ὕδατος (*υδ-n̥-τος) 'water' (with metr. elongation ῡδωρ); from r-stem derived ἄνυδρος 'waterless', ὕδρος, ὕδρᾱ 'water snake', ἐνυδρίς f. 'otter', ὑδαρής, ὑδαρός 'watery' (ὑδαλέος ds. with suffix exchange; similarly ὕλλος 'water snake, ichneumon' : ὕδρος = lak. ἑλλά̄ : ἕδρα), ὕδερος 'dropsy', ὑδρία 'water bucket' (: lat. uter); from n-stem (compare ὕδνης 'watery') derived ΏΑλοσύδνη eig. 'sea wave, wave, the billow' (ö),epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117;
from also ὑδνον 'truffle' as 'juicy'öö), as well as probably Καλ-υδών, -ύδνα (-ύμνᾱ), Καλύδνιοι, -ύμνιοι (see Boisacq 998 a)ö
es-stem τὸ ὕδος 'water' is only late poet. Nom. Akk. to Dat. ὕδει.
Maked. PN ῎Εδεσσα from *u̯edesi̯ā, Kretschmer RIEt Balc. 1, 383. common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation.
Alb. ujë 'water' (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from *udḫni̯ā, but from *ud-; or, nevertheless, from *udōö).
The shift -dn- > nj > j of possibly alb. (*udna-h) ujë, ujna Pl. 'water' has also been attested in alb. shtynj, shtyj 'poke, push' (*studni̯ō); see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : 'to push, hit'
Maybe alb. ujë neut. Pl. 'water' is a truncated derivative of Luwian wida- 'watery', hitt. witi 'in water'.
Luwian watti 'ö'
D-LSg wa-at-ti: KBo XXIX 25 iii 10.
Could be cognate of Hitt. witi 'in water', but unprovable.
Luwian wida- 'watery'
D-LPl ú-i-da-an-za: 45 ii 6.
See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild. 376. Cf. perh. witam[ ] at KBo
XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, StBoT 31.567f, witi, ˚witaš and
witaz are Hittite!
Luwian witantalli(ya)- 'of the water(s)' (öö)
N-ASgNt ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an: 43 ii 1.
ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-ya-an-za: 43 ii 9.
ú-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-an-za: 19,4*.
AbIn ú-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-ti: 19,8*.
Mere guess based on shape & context. Far from assured!
Luwian witatt(a)- 'ö'
ASg ú-i-ta-at-ta-an: 43 ii 11.
Perhaps again a derivative of 'water'. A 2nd pl. imv. of wida(i)-
is highly unlikely in the context.
Luwian NINDA wiyattatar 'ö'
N-ASg NINDA ú-i-ya-at-ta-tar: XVII 24 ii 3.
Lat. (*hunda) unda, f. 'water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people' (with n- infix from the present; compare Old Prussian (*gwundan) wundan n., unds m. 'water' and Old Indian (*hundati) unátti, undáti as well as lit. vanduõ, -eñs, vándenį, žem. unduo, lett. ûdens m. f. 'water', and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 281, 283, Trautmann 337);
(*huter) uter, utris 'hose, tube' (*udri-s '*water hose', compare gr. ὑδρία), lutra 'otter' (l- after lutum 'mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle').
Umbr. (*hutor) utur n. 'water' (= ὕδωρ), Abl. une (*udni).
Air. (*hudesko) u(i)sce 'water' (*udeski̯o-), odar 'brown' (*udaros), coin fodorne 'otters' ('water dogs').
Got. watō (n-stem), Dat. Pl. watnam 'water'; aschwed. vætur (æ = idg. eö rather umlaut from germ. a in the -in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),
aisl. (*gvatna) vatn n. (takes o-stem, compare got. Dat. Pl. watnam), vatr, nord. sea name Vöttern; ahd. wazzar, as. watar, ags. wæter (*u̯odōr) 'water';
aisl. (*huotar) otr, ags. otor, ahd. ottar m. 'otter, water snake', in addition FlN Otter, old Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to lat. unda) probably got. wintrus, aisl.vetr, ags. winter, ahd. as. wintar 'winter' as 'wet season' (Lidén PBrB. 15, 522, Falk-Тоrp under vinter; not better to ir. find 'white', see under su̯eid- 'shine');
perhaps to Wasser also ahd. ags. (*hwaschan) wascan, aisl. vaska, nhd. waschen, wusch (*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade ē of the root shaped from aisl. vātr, ags. wǣt, engl. wet 'wet, soaked'.
In Germ. also with Þ ags. wađum m. 'wave', zero grade aisl. unnr, uđr, Pl. unnir 'wave', as. ūthia, ūđia, ags. ȳđ, ahd. (*gvundra) undea 'wave, billow, flood', like from a root variant *u̯et-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t of the type Old Indian yakr̥-t.
Lit. (*gvounduõ) vanduõ etc (see above); lit. (*hudras) údra, аpr. udro f., ostlit. údras, lett. ûdris m. 'otter'; Old Church Slavic (*gvudras) vydra, skr. vīdra (bsl. ūd- : lit. vánd-eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lit.; to ū compare Pedersen Ét. Lit. 54 f.);
Maybe alb. vidra 'sea otter' Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic (*gvoda) voda 'water' (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for idg. -ō[r]); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic vědro 'κάδος, σταμνος' (with ὑδρία attuning well in the meaning, s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);
hett. wa-a-tar (*gwātar, wātar ) 'water', Gen. úе-te-na-aś (e-grade as phryg. βεδυ, a of Nom. from eö). Nom. Pl. ú-wiḫtaḫar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hitt. 167.
Maybe the old laryngeal present in hitt. Gen. úе -te-na-aś 'of water', Nom. Pl. ú-wiḫtaḫar 'waters' was transmited to turk. su 'water'.
c) au̯er- 'water, rain, river' (u̯ēr- : ūr-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm. 2).
1. u̯ēr-, u̯er-: Old Indian vā́r, vā́ri n. 'water', av. vār n. 'rain' (with themat. inflection iran. av. vār 'to rain', med. 'allow to rain, let rain'), Old Indian vārī f. 'water', av. vairi- m. 'sea';
toch. A wör, В war 'water';
arm. gayṙ 'marsh, mud' (*u̯eri̯o-);
gr. perhaps in ἀρύω 'scoops', if *Fὰρ ὔ[σ]ω (see *aus- 'scoop, draw water, ladle');
alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) vrëndë 'light rain' (nt- participle); hur-dë 'pond, tank, marsh' (*ūr-), shure 'urine', shurë (postverbal) f. 'urine' (prefix sh from lat. ex or idg. *sm̥ + ūr-në; or + gr. οὐρέωö);
Note:
Albanian preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- > s- like satem languages alb. (*sūrīna) shura 'urine' : Hittite šehur 'urine' : lat. ūrīna 'urine'. But in alb. hur-dë 'pond, tank, marsh' alb. preserved ḫ- laryngeal like centum languages.
cymr. gwer m. 'suet, sebaceous, tallow';
anord. vari m. 'liquid, water'.
2. ūr-, au̯er-: Lat. ūrīna 'urine' (in which meaning influenced by οὖρονö), ūrīnor, -ārī 'to dive', ūrīnātor 'a diver';
Maybe alb. urela 'water-pit' : Basque ura 'water'.
anord. ūr 'fine rain', ȳra 'to rain subtly', ūrigr 'dew-covered', ags. ūrig ds.;
perhaps anord. ūrr, Gen. ūrar (u-stem), ags. ūr, ahd. ūro, ūrohso, lat. Lw. ūrus 'a kind of wild ox', schwed. mdartl. ure 'randy bull, a bull in heat' ('*one that scatters, drops, one that inseminates' as Old Indian vr̥šan- etc, see under);
root form au̯er- in thrak. FlN Αὔρας, gr. (Persson IF. 35, 199) *αὔρα 'water, spring' in ἄναυρος 'without water, of brooks' under likewise (about gr. θησαυρός and Κένταυρος compare Schwyzer Gr.Gr. I 267, 444);
in FlN: ital. Met-aurus (Bruttium), Pisaurus (Umbrien), gall. Avara > frz. Avre, Aura > frz. Eure, Aurana > nhd. Ohrn (Wörttemb.), Arḫauris > frz. Hérault, Vi-aurus > frz. Le Viaur; аpr. Aure, lit. Aurḫytė; anord. aurigr 'wet', aurr 'wet, water', FlN Aura, ags. ēar 'sea';
аpr. wurs (*ūras) 'pond, pool', iūrin Akk. Sg., iuriay Pl. fem. 'sea', alett. jūri- m., lett. jũ'ra, lit. jū́rės, jū́rios Pl. fem. 'sea, esp. the Baltic Sea' (see above to lat. ūrīna; j- presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);
lit. jaurùs 'swampy, marshy', jáura, jáuras 'marshy place, marshy ground, swamp bottom' from *eu̯ǝr- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lit.).
Maybe arm. jur, Gen. jroy 'water' [not from (*gʷhðōro-) see Root / lemma: gʷhðer- : 'to run, flow'
] : alb. (*jura > uja) ujë, ujëra Pl. 'water'.
3. Verbum: Lit. vérdu, vìrti 'bubble, surge, cook', versmě 'wellspring', vỹrius 'whirlpools', atvyrs 'counterstream on the shore', lett. ver̂du, vir̂t 'soak, bubble, boil, cook', atvars 'whirl',
Old Church Slavic vьrjǫ, vьrěti 'stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook', virъ 'whirlpool', izvorъ 'wellspring (bubbling water)', wherefore with from 'cook' developed meaning 'heat', lett. wersme 'glow', Old Church Slavic varъ 'heat'.
About possible affiliation of *u̯er/e/nā 'alder' see there.
4. extension u̯er-s- 'rain, dew': Old Indian varśá- n. 'rain, rainy season, year' (varšati 'it is raining'), gr. οὖρον 'urine'; ἔρση, ἐέρση 'dew', ion. att. οὐρέω 'urinates' (kausativ *u̯orseiō, F- proved by the augmentation ἐούρησα), οὐρία 'a water bird';
mir. frass 'rain' is older fross (u̯rosḫtā, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44); hett. waḫarḫšaḫaš 'rain'(ö)seems Old Indian Lw.
Maybe alb. (*varśá-) vesa 'dew' : ἐέρση 'dew'.
u̯r̥sen- 'discharging semen = virile', Old Indian vr̥šán- 'virile', m. 'manikin, man, stallion'.
thereof derived av. varǝšna- 'virile', Old Indian vŕ̥ṣ̣a-, vr̥ṣabhá- 'bull', vŕ̥ṣṇi- 'virile', m. 'Aries, ram' (= av. varǝšni- ds.), vŕ̥šaṇa- m. 'testicles';
Specht (Dekl. 156) places here (from germ. *wrai-njan-) without s-extension ahd. reineo 'stallion', as. wrênio ds., ags. wrǣne 'horny, lustful'; ahd. wrenno 'stallion' is back-borrowed from Mlat.
u̯ersē/i-: lat. verrēs, -is 'boar', lit. ver̃šis 'calf', lett. versis 'ox, rother, cattle'.
References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418, IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of u̯ers- with ers-). About finn. vesi, stem vete 'water' s. Mikkola Mél. van Ginneken 137.
WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Dekl. 18 f., Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, 548, 838.
Page(s): 78-81
Root / lemma: au̯es-
English meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.
German meaning: 'leuchten', especially vom Tagesanbruch
Material: Old Indian uṣā́ḥ f. Akk. uṣā̆́sam, Gen. uṣásaḥ 'aurora', av. ušā̊, Akk. ušā̊ŋhǝm, Gen.ušaŋhō ds. (ušas-tara- 'eastern'), next to which Old Indian Gen. Sg., Akk. Pl. uṣáḥ, av. Lok. Sg. uši-[δā̊, s. *demā-'to build'] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s- to s-stem; Old Indian uccháti = av. usaiti (*us-sk̂éti) 'shines in (from the morning)',
Perf. Old Indian uvāsa, Aor. avasran 'they shone '; uṣar-, usr 'dawn, aurora, early morning, prime of the day, red sky', uṣarḫbúdh- 'early awake', usrá- 'early morning, reddish', also figurative 'cow', m. 'bull' (Frisk, nominal formation 3);
u̯es-, u̯ōs- in Old Indian vasarḫhán- 'striking in the morning early morning', vāsará- 'early morning', m. 'day' (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword r/n-stem *u̯es-r-, u̯es-n- 'springtide, spring');
gr. hom. ἠώς *(āusōs), Gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος), att. (with accent innovation) ἕως, dor. ἀ̄ώς, ἀFώρ, changing through ablaut öol. αὔως 'aurora' (proto gr. αυ[σ]ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη (*ἀαίη);
ἄγχαυρος 'near the morning', αὔριον 'tomorrow' (*αυσρ-); hom. ἤιε Φοῖβε 'radiative morning'; ἠι-κανός 'rooster, cock' (*āusi- 'singing in the morning early morning');
Maybe gr. ἄγχαυρος 'near the morning' : alb. agu 'dawn' s/ h allophones : Estonian agu 'daybreak, dawn' : Latvian ausma, sājums 'dawn'
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]
lat. aurōra f. 'aurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak' (for *ā̆usōsā); auster (*aus-t(e)ro- = germ. *austra-) 'souther, southerly wind', austrālis 'southern';
presumably also aurum, sabin. ausom 'gold' as '*reddish'; to lit. áuksas (k - unexplained), alit. ausas, аpr. ausis 'gold';
maybe truncated alb. (*aur-) ar 'gold'
perhaps toch. A wös 'gold', but compare arm. osḫki 'gold', finn. vas-ki 'copper'; perhaps Vesuvius (differently under eus- 'burn');
mir. fāir 'sunrise', cymr. gwawr 'aurora', bret. gwere laouen 'morning star' (*u̯ōsri-, Pedersen KG. I 82);
germ. *austrō in ags. ēastre 'spring goddess', ēastron Pl. 'Easter' = ahd. ōst(a)ra, ōstarūn; against it with idg. -t(e)ro-, ahd. ōstar 'eastern' and Adv. 'the after east', nhd.Öster-reich, anord. austr n. 'East' and Adv. 'eastwards',
ags. compounds ēasterra 'more to the east', in addition Ostrogothae, older Austrogoti as 'the eastern Goths'; ahd. ōstan 'from the east', ags. ēaste f. 'East', anord. austan 'from the east'; *āusōs in ags. ēarendel 'morning star', ahd. MN Orendil;
lit. aušrà f. 'aurora', aũšta 'day is breaking', lett. àust ds.; lit. auštrìnis (vějas) 'north-east wind', lett. àustra f. 'daybreak', àustrums m. 'East'; in ablaut žem. apýūšriai m. 'daybreak';
Old Church Slavic za ustra 'τὸ πρωΐ' (about utro, jutro 'morning' from *aus(t)ro- compare Trautmann 19, Mikkola Ursl. Gr. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lit., wherefore Bröckner KZ. 46, 212, auspoln. ŭścić 'shine' reconstructs sl. *usto 'lustre, shine'), ustrъ 'relating to summer' (see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).
compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt Abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69.
maybe alb. (*në 'in' + aušrà), nesrë, nesëret, nesër 'tomorrow morning, tomorrow'
References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Dekl. 10, Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indian Gr. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 514, 557.
Page(s): 86-87
Root / lemma: au̯ē-11 (u̯e-d(h)-ö)
English meaning: to try, force
German meaning: 'sich möhen, anstrengen'ö
Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects Old Indian vāyati, -tē 'gets tired, is exhausted, tires' with gr. ἄεθλος 'drudgery, contest' (*ἄFε-θλος), ἄεθλον, ἀ̃θλον 'fight, cut-throat price, battlefield', whereby ἀ- assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form *au̯ē̆- besides *u̯ē-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the gr. words with mir. feidm 'effort',
fedil 'persistent, persevering', air. ni fedligedar '(he, she) does not stay' (whereby formal measure relationship would be comparable as *mē- '(apportion by measure), allot, (*cut)' : *med-, *u̯ē- 'blow' : anord. veđr, nhd. Wetter), wherefore Pedersen KG. I 110, cymr. gweddil 'remnant, leavings' (out of it mir. fuidell) places; here toch. В waimene 'difficult, hard'ö
However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vāyati 'exert itself' as basic meaning in would put the question through the meaning 'dry up' from vāna 'dry', upa-vāyati 'be extinguished by drying up, dry up',
upavāta- 'become dry'; and in ἄεθλος takes turns most of course - θλο-as suffixal, while the dental ir. words root-like d or dh is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.
References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.
Page(s): 84
Root / lemma: au̯iĝ-
English meaning: a kind of grass, oat
German meaning: 'Grasart, Hafer'
Material: Lat. avēna 'oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe, shepherd's pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw' (presumably after arēna, terrēnus to occurred suffix exchange for *avīna from *au̯iĝ-snā);
lit. avižà, lett. (Pl. f.) àuzas, Old Prussian wyse 'oat', Old Church Slavic ovьsъ, russ. ovësъ 'oat' (s from z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the word in conservative Nom. *ovьz), but αἰγίλωψ 'a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise' barely as *αFιγιλωψ here.
After Specht Dekl. 298 would be assumed rather idg. *au̯i- besides *au̯es- (*au̯esnā > avēna).
References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.
Page(s): 88
Root / lemma: au̯-5, au̯ē-
English meaning: to weave
German meaning: 'flechten, weben'
Material: Unextended in: Old Indian ṓtum, ṓtavē (from der set-basis vā́tavē) 'to weave', Perf. ūvuḥ, participle ūtá-, vý-uta- (also das present váyati 'weaves' can be after Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 94 an -ei̯o-present v-áyati, so that Fut. vayišyati, vāya- 'weaver' only in addition one would be new-created), ṓtu- m. 'woof of fabric', vāna- n. 'the weaving'.
To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vā́tave 'weave, twist', vānam (W. must understand ūtá- as neologism to váyate after hūtá- : hváyate).
dh-extension 1. au-dh-, 2. (a)u̯-ē̆dh-, u-dh-:
1. Arm. zḫaud 'strap' (zḫaudem 'connects, ties together'), yḫaud 'strap, limb, joint' (y-audem 'join together'), aud 'shoe';
lit. áudžiau, áudžiu, áusti 'to weave', ataudaĩ Pl. 'woof', ũdis 'a unique fabric, the weaving', ũdas 'eel line' (vowel as with áugu 'increase, sprout': ūgỹs 'annual growth');
russ. uslo 'fabric' (uzda 'bridle'ö), see below eu- 'pull'. It goes back to the image of the weaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess:
audh- 'luck, possession, wealth': illyr. PN Audarus, Audata (: germ. Audoḫberht), paion. PN Audōḫleōn (Krahe IF. 58, 132), cymr. udd (*audos) 'master, mister' (different Lewis-Pedersen 14),
bret. ozac'h 'landlord' (*udakkos), Loth RC. 41, 234; as. ōdan, ags. ēaden, anord. auđinn 'granted from the destiny, grants', anord. auđna 'destiny, luck', auđr 'wealth', ags. ēad 'possession, wealth, luck',
as. ōd 'possession, prosperity', ahd. alḫōd 'full and free possession' (mlat. allodium), mhd. klein-ōt 'jewel', got. audahafts 'makes happy', audags 'blessed, fortunate', ahd. ōtac 'happy, rich'.
2. Anord. vāđ f. 'fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net', Pl.vāđir 'gowns, clothes', ags. wǣd (*wēđi-) f. 'clothes, rope', as. wād 'clothes', ahd. wāt, Gen.-i 'clothes, armament';
anord. vađr m. 'rope, string, fishing line', schwed. norw. vad n. 'drag net' (anord. vǫzt f. 'spot for fishing at sea from *wađa-stō), mhd. wate, wade f. 'drag net, trawl net', mhd. spinne-wet 'spinning web'.
References: WP. I 16 f., WH. I 88.
See also: Maybe here u̯ebh- 'to weave', u̯edh- 'bind, connect' (wherefore as nasal form probably u̯endh-),see there; also perhaps u̯ei- 'twist, spin', (a)ueg- 'to weave etc' (u̯er- ''twist, spin'ö), u̯es- 'wrap'.
Page(s): 75-76
Root / lemma: au̯-6, au̯ed-
English meaning: to speak
German meaning: 'sprechen'
Material: Gr. hom. αὖε Imperf. '(he, she) called (out), shouted', ἄβα τροχὸς ἤ βοή Hes.
Old Indian vádati 'lets the voice resound, talks' (Perf. ūdimá, participle uditá-), vádanam 'the sounds, talking, mouth', úditiḫḥ f. 'speech', vādayati 'allows to sound, plays (a music instrument), allows to speak', vāditram 'musical instrument, music', vāda- 'sound letting, m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words';
in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next Old Church Slavic vada 'calumny', vaditi 'accuse';
nasalized Old Indian vandate, -ti 'praises, praises, greets with respect', vandanam 'praise, price, reverential greeting', vandāru- 'appreciative, praising'; see still Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. under vallakī 'a kind of sounds', vallabha-ḥ 'minion, favourite'.
Gr. γοδᾶν [i.e. Fοδᾶν] κλαίειν Hes., ΏΗσί(F)οδος 'qui ἵησi Fόδαν, i. e. ἀοιδήν', γοδόν [i.e. Fοδόν] γόητα Hes.;
zero grade ὑδέω, ὕδω (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) 'sings, glorifies', ὕδη φήμη, ᾠδη (Theognostos καν. 19, 26) (ὕμνος 'ballad, song' rather to the wedding call ὑμήν: other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.2 under suō, Boisacq s. v., again different Risch 50).
Lit. vadinù, vadìnti 'shout, call'.
au̯-ē-d- in ἀ(F)ηδών 'nightingale' (ἀβηδόνα ἀηδόνα Hes., öol. ἀήδων and ἀήδω, the zero grade ἀυδ- in αὐδή 'sound, voice, language' (öol. αὔδω Sappho), αὐδάω 'shouts, speaks', αὐδήεις, dor. αὐδά̄εις 'speaking with human voice'.
au̯-ei-d- in ἀ(F)είδω (att. ᾄδω) 'sings', ἀ(F)οιδή (att. ᾠδή) 'song', ἀοιδός 'singer', ἀοίδιμος 'singer'. Differently Wackernagel KZ. 29, 151 f.
Toch. В watk-, AB wötk-, В yaitk- 'command, order '.
References: WP. I 251 f., Specht KZ. 59, 119 f., Van Windekens Lexique 155.
Page(s): 76-77
Root / lemma: au̯-7, au̯ē-, au̯ēi-
English meaning: to like; to help, *desire
German meaning: 'gern haben'; daher einerseits 'verlangen', andrerseits 'begönstigen, hilfreich sein'
Material: Old Indian ávati 'desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes' = av. avaiti 'provides, helps' = air. con-ōi 'protects'; messap. αFιναμι 'I bid (s.o.) farewellö (to wish s.o. to be strong to be healthy)';
Old Indian ávas- n. 'satisfaction, favour, assistance' = av. avah- n. 'help' (in addition probably Old Indian avasá- n. 'nourishment'), compare gr. ἐν-ηής 'favorable' (*εν-ᾱFής); Old Indian ōman- 'favorable, helping' = av. aoman- 'supporting, helping', Old Indian ōmán- m. 'favour, assistance, protection',
ōmaḫḥ 'comrade'; Old Indian avitár- m. 'patron, sponsor, patronizer' (from which 2-syllable root form as Fut. avišyati, Perf. 2. Sg. āvitha, as well as participle ūtá- and:) ūtíḫḥ 'delivery, help';
arm. aviun 'violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate passion, lust' (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);
gr. -ᾱFονες in 2. part of Greek family names (᾽Ιάονες)ö compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232 f., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 487, 3; 521; ἀί̄τᾱς (Theokrit) 'friend, lover';
lat. aveō, -ēre (basis au̯ē[i]- as in preceding) 'be eager, have a wild desire, long for, desire', avidus 'desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious' (therefrom audeō, -ēre 'to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to'), avārus 'covetous, greedy';
air. con ōi 'protects', cymr. ewyllys 'favor, wish desire', corn. awell 'desire', abr. aḫiul 'unaided, wantonly, voluntarily', mbret. eoull, youll 'favor, wish desire', as a name component in gall. Avi-cantus (=abret. Eucant), acymr. Euilaun under likewise, also in ahd. names as Awileib, Awo; compare got. awiḫliuÞ 'χάρις, εὐχαριστία'; mcymr. riḫmḫaw 'he grants to me', cymr. ad-aw (with negat. at-) 'leave', abret. di-eteguetic 'abandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute' (*di-at-aw-etic).
Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: ahd. ōdi, as. ōthi, ags. Adj. īeÞe, Adv. ēaÞe 'easy, comfortable', ahd. ōdmuoti, as. ōthmōdi 'modest', ags. ēaÞmōd 'modest', anord. auđmjūkr 'to move easily, willing, modest',
auđkendr 'to recognize easily'; basic meaning is 'willing', from which 'to make easy'; formal germ. to-participle-formation to awi- (example germ. auÞia- 'deserted; flat; waste; empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull; tedious'ö). Rather uncertainly.
If also altlit. auštis 'refresh oneself', ataušimas 'refreshment', lett. ataust 'recover, refresh', ataũsêt 'invigorate, refresh' are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus - of in Old Indian ávas-, gr. ἐν-ηής present as a basis es-stem . Or = lit. áušti 'get cold', áušyti 'cool'ö
Toch. B au-lāre, A olar 'comrade'; as dubious В omaute 'longing', w-ör(īn)- 'crave, long for', A w-aste 'protection' with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- 'give', A 1.Sg. wsā (Pedersen Tochar. 186).
References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.
Page(s): 77-78
Root / lemma: au̯-8, au̯ēi-
English meaning: to perceive, understand
German meaning: 'sinnlich wahrnehmen, auffassen'
Material: Old Indian -avati with ud- and pra- 'aufmerken, heed', Old Church Slavic umъ 'Verstand' (basic form *au-mo-); moreover toch. В om-palokoññe 'meditation'ö Different Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.
ā̆u̯is-: lengthened grade Old Indian āvíṣ Adv. 'apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar', av. āviš Adv. 'apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. āškār 'clear, bright'; Old Indian āviṣṭya-ḥ, av. āvišya- 'offenkundig'); Old Church Slavic avě, javě Adv. 'kund, apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -ě reshaped from *avь, whereof:) aviti, javiti 'offenbaren, kundmachen, show' (lit. óvytis 'sich in Traume sehen lassen' Lw. from dem Slav.).
full grade: gr. αἰσθάνομαι, Aor. αἰσθέσθαι 'wahrnehmen' (*αFισ-θ-); lat. audiō 'hear' from *au̯izḫdhḫiō, compare oboedio from *ób-avizdhiō about *oboīdiō; gr. ἀί̄ω (neologism to Aor.ἐπ-ήισ(σ)α, ἄιον) 'vernehme, hear' (*αFισ-), ἐπάιστος 'belongs, ruchbar, bekannt'.
Here probably hett. u-uḫ-ḫi 'I see, observe', aḫušḫzi 'sees', а-ú-ri-iš (from aḫú-waḫriḫiš) 'Ausschau, Warte', iterat. ušk- 'wiederholt sehen'.
References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.
Page(s): 78
Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*ḫuḫḫaš)
English meaning: grandfather
German meaning: 'Großvater mötterlicherseits'
Note:
The original root was hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) 'grandfather' branched into Root / lemma: au̯o-s: grandfather in centum languages and Root / lemma: sūs- (*ghus): parent : alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh 'grandfather' in satem languages; old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: Arm. hav, Gen. havu 'grandfather', lat. avus 'grandfather; poet., in gen., an ancestor'; fem. lat. avia 'grandmother' (see finally Leumann-Stolz5 204), dubious gr. αἶα as 'primordial mother earth' (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473;
lat. also -hu̯- > -v- phonetic mutation.
different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avītus 'of a grandfather, ancestral' is probably shaped after marītus, older i-stem in lit. avýnas 'brother of the mother';
differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avītus 'large-scale fatherly, angestammt' is formed probably after marītus, old i-stem in lit. avýnas 'brother of the mother';
i̯o-derivative Old Prussian awis 'uncle', Old Church Slavic *ujь ds. (ujka 'aunt'), air. (h)áue 'a grandson, a nephew', mir. ó(a), úa ds.; en-stem: got. awō 'grandmother', anord. afi 'grandfather', āi 'great-grandfather', ags. ēam, afries. ēm, ahd. ōheim,
nhd. Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz 'the one (he) who lived in grandfather's home'), after R. Much Germ. 205 from *auhaim < idg. *au̯os k̂oimos 'dear grandfather', compare cymr. tad cu [*tatos koimos] 'grandfather'),
lat. avunculus 'brother of the mother' (probably caressing diminutive an *avō, -ōnis); cymr. ewythr, acorn. euitor, bret. eontr 'uncle' (*au̯en-tro-).
The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the words for 'uncle or aunt on the maternal side' probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f.
Da arm. hav could go back also to *pap-, would be au̯os only north - west idg. On account of here hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) 'grandfather'ö Lyk. *χuga 'grandfather on the maternal side' appears to speak rather for Asia Minor origin.
References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lyk. under Hitt. 25 f., Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118 ff.
Page(s): 89
Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, abel-
English meaning: apple
German meaning: 'Apfel'
Note:
Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, abel- : 'apple' derived from Root / lemma: om- (*ḫamel): 'raw, bitter, *sweet'.
Material:
Maybe Old Indian: abalá- m. 'the plant Tapia Crataeva' {'Crataegus roxburghii' (H. Ebel KZ VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].
Lat. Abella (osk. town, city in Campanien) malifera 'apple-bearing', after Verg. Aen. 7, 740, might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic form *ablonā. The apple is not named possibly only after the town.
In the Kelt. the names are to be distinguished for 'apple' (*ablu) and 'apple tree' (*abaln-). Gall. avallo 'fruit', Aballō (n-stem) PN, frz. Avallon, abrit. PN Aballāva, gallo-rom. *aballinca 'Alpine mistletoe' (Wartburg);
Maybe illyr. PN Aulona
air. ubull (*ablu) n. 'apple', ncymr. afal, Pl. afalau, corn. bret. aval m. 'apple', but mir. aball (*abalnā) f. 'apple tree', acymr. aball, mcymr. avall Pl. euyill (analogical) f., acymr. aballen, ncymr. afallen 'apple tree' (with singulative ending).
The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:
Krimgot. apel (got. *aplsö), ahd. apful, afful, mhd. apfel, ags. æppel (engl. apple), an. epli n. (apal-grār 'apple-gray') 'apple'. Germ. probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further an. apaldr 'apple tree', ags. apuldor, æppuldre, ahd. apholtra (compare nhd. Affoltern PN), mhd. apfalter 'apple tree' (*apaldra-).
The Baltic shows clear tracks in Idg. completely isolated l- declension *ābōl, G. Sg. *ābeles.
lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for 'apple': ostlit. obuolỹs, lett. âbuolis (-ii̯o-stem), westlit. óbuolas, lett. âbuols (o-stem) from idg. *ābōl-;
Normal grade mostly in the word for 'apple tree'; lit. obelìs (fem. i-stem), lett. âbels (i-stem), âbele (ē-stem) from idg. *ābel-; but Old Prussian woble f. (*ābl-) 'apple', wobalne (*ābolu-) f. 'apple tree'.
Abg. ablъko, jablъko, poln. jabɫko, slov. jábolko, russ. jábloko 'apple' (*ablъko from *āblu-) etc; abg. (j)ablanь, sloven. jáblan, ačech. jablan, jablon, russ. jáblonь 'apple tree', from idg.*āboln- (influences the sound form of *ablo 'apple').
Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both lat. kelt. germ. bsl. forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing act. With respect to lat. abies 'fir' etc. very uncertain.
Note:
The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *šamlu(wa)- 'apple-(tree)'; Attestations: [HittErgSg] ša-ma-lu-wa-an-za: 145 iii 18. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 26. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-lu-wa-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 28.
Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luvian nt. nom.-acc. sg. šamluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.
From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *šamlu(wa)- > Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, abel- : 'apple' in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon illyr. alb. sa > zero, phonetic mutation Luvian *šamlu(wa)- 'apple-(tree)' > lat. malum -i n. 'an apple, or other similar fruit'; alb. geg. mollë 'apple'.
Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemel ъ ; j ь mela; j ь melo {2} [Page in Trubačev: VI 26-27]: Russ. oméla 'mistletoe' [f ā], Old Russ. imela 'mistletoe' [f ā], Czech omela (dial.) 'mistletoe' [f ā]; omelo (dial.) 'mistletoe' [n o]; jmelí, melí (dial.) 'mistletoe' [f iā], Slovak jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) 'mistletoe' [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) 'mistletoe' [n o], Poln. jemioɫa, jamioɫa 'mistletoe' [f ā]; imioɫa (dial.) 'mistletoe' [f ā], Upper Sorbian jemjel 'mistletoe' [m o], Lower Sorbian jemjoɫ, hemjoɫ 'mistletoe' [m o], Serbo-Croatian òmela (dial.) 'mistletoe' [f ā]; ìmela, mèla 'mistletoe' [f ā], Slovene jemę́la (dial.), omę́la (dial.) 'mistletoe' [f ā]; imę̄la, mę̄la 'mistletoe' [f ā], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel-; Lith. ãmalas, ẽmalas 'mistletoe' [m o] 3b, Latv. amuols; ęmuols (BW); amuls; āmals; āmuls 'mistletoe, clover' [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) 'mistletoe'.
Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135
Notes: {1} The forms with ā- may show the influence of âbuõls 'apple, clover'. {2} This plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The Slavic forms with *jь m- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe's sap is used to produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati 'to take'. An etymological connection with PIE *h1m- 'to take' is doubtful, as is the connection with *H3eHm- 'raw' .
maybe gr. Compounds: ἁμάμηλίς plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree, 'medlar', = ἐπιμηλίς .
Probably Tocharian B: māla*'a kind of intoxicating drink'; Paradigm: [-, -, māla//]
Examples: se ṣa[māne] mot māla trikelyesa śakse yoköṃ pāyti 'whatever monk drinks alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, pāyti '[māla = BHS maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumeṃ pörwettsai mālasa yokalle 'then it [is] to be drunk with an aged drink' (W-33a5).
Derivatives: mālatstse* 'drunken': aröñcacu epreta Mārö[nts]= ādañc mālatsai ... ṣpyarkatai-me 'O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Māra's drunken bite' (241a2/3).
References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.
Page(s): 1-2
Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc) (*dā̆ĝhen)
English meaning: day
German meaning: 'Tag'
Grammatical information: Heteroklit. Neutrum.
Material: Old Indian áhar, áhaḥ, Gen. áhnḫas, av. Gen. PI. asnḫąm 'day'. In Germ. is found anlaut. d- by influence from proto germ. *đā̆ʒwaz (idg. *dhō̆gʷho-, s. *dhegʷh- 'burn') 'warm season' (: lit. dãgas 'summer heat'): the o-stem got. dags,
aisl. dagr, ahd. tac m. 'day' is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (got. PN Δαγίσ-θεος = *DagisḫÞius, ahd. Dagiḫbert etc), also in ablaut, ags. dǽg (*dōʒiz), Pl. dōgor n. 'day' (got. fidur-dōgs 'fourth day'), aisl. døgr n. 'day or night' besides there is n-stem adön. døgn n. 'day and night'.
Note: From Root / lemma: dhegʷh-: 'to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc): 'day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru : 'tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : 'tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : 'long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. 'long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) 'long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. 'length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 310 f.
Page(s): 7
Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ-
English meaning: goat
German meaning: 'Ziegenbock, Ziege'
Note:
Root / lemma: digh- : 'goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : 'to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : 'to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : 'goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : 'goat' [common balt. - illyr. - alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto illyr.
Material: Old Indian ajá-ḥ 'he-goat', ajā́ 'she-goat', mpers. azak 'goat', npers. azg ds.;
alb. dhī́ 'goat' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from *adhi, as sii 'eye' from asii);
Note:
Maybe a zero grade in alb. (*ā̆ĝhi) dhī́ 'goat' [the common alb. shift -ĝh- > -d-], older alb. geg. (*ā̆ĝhi) edha 'goats, sheep'.
lit. ožỹs (*āĝi̯os) 'he-goat', ožkà 'goat', Old Prussian wosee 'goat', wosux 'he-goat';
Old Indian ajínaḫm 'fur, fleece';
lit. ožìnis 'belonging to he-goat', ožíena 'billy goat's meat';
Church Slavic (j)azno (*azьno) 'skin, leather'.
References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aiĝ-.
Page(s): 6-7
Root / lemma: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-
English meaning: day, morning
German meaning: 'Tag, Morgen'
Grammatical information: n.
Note:
Root / lemma: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien- : 'day, morning' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (oder ōĝher etc.): 'day'.
Material: Av. ayarǝ, Gen. ayąn n. 'day'.
Gr. Lok. *ἀ(ι̯)ερι- in ἄριστον (from *ai̯eri-d-tom, to ed- 'eat') 'breakfast' (uncontracted ἀέριστον still produceable Hom. Ω 124, π 2); lengthened grades *ἀ̄(ι̯)ερι in the derivative ἠέριος 'early morning', contracts in ἦρι 'in the morning'. Different Risch 105.
Got. air, aisl. ār, Adv. 'early' (likewise Lok. *ai̯eri), in addition Kompar. got. airiza 'earlier', Adv. airis = ags. ǣr, ahd. ēr, nhd. eher, ehe; Superl. ags. ǣrest, ahd. ērist, nhd. erst.
Maybe alb. (*ēherst) herët 'early'; it seems that alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.
Maybe to ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 12
Root / lemma: ā(i)ĝh- : īĝh-
English meaning: to need
German meaning: 'bedörfen, begehren'
Material: Av. āzi-š m. 'desire', np. az ds., av. āzaḫš m. 'striving, eagerness, zeal'; changing through ablaut av. izyati 'strives, striving for' and ī̆žā 'striving, zeal, success, prosperousness' Old Indian īhā 'desire', īhatē 'strives whereupon';
gr. ἀ̄χήν 'poor' = ἠχῆνες κενοί, πτωχοί Hes. (by support of words, with ἀ- privative out of it ἀεχῆνες πένητες Hes., and ἀχενία 'lack, poverty'), κτεανηχής πένης Hes., changing through ablaut ἰχανάω 'longs for', ἶχαρ 'desire';
toch. A ākāl, В akālk 'wish, longing'. Different Pedersen Toch. 42.
References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BSL. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae IF. 5, 215.
Page(s): 14-15
Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂-
English meaning: spear, pike
German meaning: 'Spieß; with einer spitzen Waffe treffen'
Note:
Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : 'sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : 'spear, pike' are reduced roots of an older root *heĝʷ-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa. This older root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla 'needle' [f ā]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older Baltic-Germanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : 'long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. 'long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) 'long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. 'length'.
Hence from Root / lemma: dhelg- : 'to stick; needle' derived the alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla 'needle' [f ā], then Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : 'sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : 'spear, pike'.
Finally alb. geg. gjilpanë n. f. 'needle' is a compound of *gjil- 'needle' + peni 'thread'; alb. common zero grade *ilga > *gil- 'needle' phonetic mutation corresponds to zero grade in Lower Sorbian: gɫa 'needle' [f ā].
Material: Gr. αἶκλοι αἱ γωνίαι τοῦ βέλους Hes., gr. ἰκτέα ἀκόντιον Hes., kypr. ἰκμαμένος or ἰχμαμένος (in the latter pitfall from *ἰκσμαμένος) 'wounds', gr.αἰχμή 'spear, spit' (*aik-smā), Old Prussian aysmis 'spit, broach', lit. iẽšmas, jiẽšmas 'spit, broach', (basic form *aik̂mos or Gr. exact congruent *aik̂-smos); from moreover Old Prussian ayculo, Church Slavic igla etc 'needle', with g instead of ž (compare S.181)ö lat. īcō (analogical īciō), -ĕre 'hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain', ictus 'slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat', probably also av. išarǝ 'instant, (very short space of time)' = gr. ἴκταρ 'near' (as 'adjoining, adjacent') and ἴγδη, ἴγδις 'mortar' (also ἴξ, ἴκες 'worms damaging the vine', from which ἶπες ds. could be reshuffled after the related to meaning κνῖπες, σκνῖπες, θρῖπες; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.
Here possibly anord. eigin n. 'a sprout that has just emerged from a seed' ('point, cusp'), schwed. mdartl. öjel m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and nd. īne 'awn, ear of corn' (Bezzenberger Federal Railway. 27, 166).
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ahel) halë 'needle, fishbone, awn, ear of corn' [common alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.
Page(s): 15
Root / lemma: ā̆i-4
English meaning: to burn
German meaning: 'brennen, leuchten'
Material: from ags. āfor 'sharp, violent', ahd. eibar, eivar 'harsh, bitter, pungent, rough, shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage; unpolished, uncouth; frightful, horrible' derived from *aibhro- not is to be connected certainly.
Maybe but here gr. ἰαίνω 'warms up' from *i(i̯)-ani̯ō; see under eis-1 'move, shake violently'.
See also: S. under ai-dh-, ā̆i̯er-, ai̯os-, aisk-, ai-tro-.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ā̆l-3
English meaning: to wander, roam
German meaning: 'planlos umherschweifen, irren; also geistig irre sein'
Material: Gr. ἄλη 'the vagrancy, the wandering about', ἀλάομαι (horn. Pf. ἀλάλημαι), ἀλαίνω 'wanders about '*, ἀλήτης 'beggar',
ἀλητεύω 'wander, begging around', ἅλιος 'in vain' (Spiritus asper admittedly, still unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the assumption of anl. F-);
from a basis alu-, aleu- gr. ἀλύω 'I'm beside myself'**, ἀλύσσω ds. (Hom.; Fut. ἀλύξει Hippokr.), ἀλύκη 'restiveness, worry, concern, fear, alarm', ἄλυσις (from ἀλύω) 'angst', ἄλυς, -υος (Plut.) ''idle hanging around, boredom'; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
with the concept 'wander around, around a dangerous place or thing not to come near to', also ἀλεύομαι, ἀλέομαι 'avoids', ἀλύσκω (*αλυκ-σκω, compare Aor. ἤλυξα) 'escapes', ἀλυσκάζω 'avoid, flee', ἀλεείνω ds., ἀλεωλή 'defense' (*ἀλεFωλή formation as φειδωλή).
-------------------
*) ἀλαζών 'fibber, boaster, bragger' (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank), derives after Bonfante (BSL. 37, 77) from thrak. VN ᾽Αλαζόνες.
**) ἀλύ̄ω, ἀλυίω from *ἀλυʒι̯ω vergleichen Schulze Qunder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. gr. Lautg. 89 with Old Indian roṣati, ruṣyati 'be cross with, be angry', but from Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. 256 is placed more right to lit. rústas 'unfriendly, unkind'.
--------------------
Mit ā-: ἠλάσκω 'wanders around', ἠλαίνω 'be demented', Med. 'wander around', ἠλέματος (dor. ἀ̄λέματος Theokr.) 'foolish, futile, vain', ἠλίθιος 'trifling, in vain, brainless', ἠλεός 'confuses, beguiles; bewildering', (besides öol. equivalent ἆλλος an *ά̄λιος in:) hom. ἆλλα φρονέων 'φρένας ἠλεός' 'dazed, unconscious' (from dor. *ᾱλεός derives lat. ālea 'a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck').
Lat. ambulō 'to walk, go for a walk, travel, march' (umbr. amboltu 'a walk, a stroll'); (lat. alūcinor 'to wander in mind, dream, talk idly' is probably borrowed from ἀλύω under formal support in vāticinor).
In addition lett. aluôt, aluôtiês 'wander around, get lost', with ā lett. āla 'half-mad person', āl'uôtiês 'behave foolish, gestures clownish'.
Toch. AB āl- 'distinguish, remove'.
References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambulō to gr. ἐλαύνω, stem el-).
Page(s): 27-28
Root / lemma: ālu-, ālo-
English meaning: a bitter plant
German meaning: 'bittere Pflanzeö'
Material: Old Indian ālú-ḥ, ālukám- 'bulb, onion, round esculent radix'; lat. ālum, ālium 'garlic', osk. *allō from *ali̯ā probably as foundation of gr. ἀλλᾶς 'sausage (*stuffed tubular casing)'; lat. ālum or ālus 'Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort' a plant appreciated for its roots (perhaps gall. wordö s. Thesaurus).
Maybe alb. helm 'bitter; poison'
Note: alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 90 f., WH. I 30, 33.
See also: Probably to alu-.
Page(s): 33
Root / lemma: āmer- (āmōr, āmr̥)
English meaning: day
German meaning: 'Tag'
Material: Gr. horn. ἦμαρ, -ατος, att. ἡμέρᾱ (Asper probably after ἑσπέρα, Sommer Gr. Ltst. 123), otherwise ἀ̄μέρα 'day' (with Lenis, hence not to idg. *sem- 'summer';
Lit. bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Fick KZ. 43, 147); arm. aur 'day' (from *āmōr about *amur, *aumr; Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt Pl. 195 f., to ion. μεσᾰμβρίη 'midday' Boisacq under μεσημβρίᾱ. Van Windekens (Lexique 80) places here toch. A omöl, В emalle 'hot', from idg. *āmel-.
References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 305, 481, 518.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: āno-
English meaning: ring
German meaning: 'Ring'
Material: Arm. anur 'neckband, ring', lat. ānus 'circle, ring', air. āinne (*ānīni̯o-) m. 'ring, anus'.
Maybe through metathesis alb. (*ānus) unazë 'ring'.
References: WP. I 61, WH. I 55, Pedersen Litt. 2, 80.
Page(s): 47
Root / lemma: āpero-
English meaning: shore
German meaning: 'Ufer'
Material: Gr. ἤπειρος, dor. ἄπειρος f. 'shore; mainland'; ags. ōfer, mnd. ōver, mhd. (md.) uover, nhd. Ufer; but arm. ap'n 'shore' requires idg. ph and hence, stays away.
Maybe alb. (*ἄπειρος) afër 'near, close, related, neighboring, in the area of' : Old Indian ápara- 'back, later'.
relationship to *apo 'since, from, ex', Old Indian ápara- 'back, later' as lengthened grade formation becomes adopted by Specht Dekl. 23.
References: WP. I 48.
Page(s): 53
Root / lemma: ā̆p-2
English meaning: water, river
German meaning: 'Wasser, Fluß'
Note:
It seems that from Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : 'water, river' [through the shift gʷ > b, kʷ > p attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : 'water, river'.
Material: Old Indian ā̆p- f. 'water', e.g. Pl. Norn. ā́paḥ, Akk. apáḥ, Gen. apā́m, av. Nom. Sg. āfš, Akk. Sg. āpǝm, Instr. Sg. apā(-ca), Old Indian ā́pavant- 'watery', in older contraction with reduplication-stem in -i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137 f.) pratīpá- 'directed against the stream', nīpá- 'low lying, deep-recumbent', anūpá- 'situated, lying in water',
dvīpá- 'island, sand bank in the river', antarīpa- 'island'; the same contraction with in -o ending 1. part in gr. river names ᾽᾽῝᾽Iνωπός, ᾽Ασωπός (: ἰνόω, ἄσις; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. 'Ᾱπία 'Peloponnes', Μεσσ-απία ds., lokr. Μεσσ-άπιοι, ill. Μεσσά̄πιοι (different Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation and Āpuli of Lower Italy, river names ᾽Απιδών (Arcadia), ᾽Απιδανός (Thessaly), thrak. ῎Απος (Dacia),
ill. ῎Αψος, Apsus, apul. PN Sal-apia ('saltwater'); here as vestiges ven.-ill. immigration part of the West German apa- names, as Erft (*Arnapia), and all FlN with -up-, as nhd. Uppia-Bach (Tirol), frz. Sinope (Manche), brit. harbour Rutupiae, sizil. Κακύπαρις (compare lit. Kakupis), compare the thrak. FlN ῝Υπιος, ῝Υπανις;
Old Prussian ape 'river', apus 'spring, fountain, stream, brook', lit. ùpė, lett. upe 'water' (u is perhaps reduplication-stem from idg. o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 11; or belongs up- rather to Old Church Slavic vapa 'sea'ö). Here Ach- (*aps-) in cymr. FlN, gall. Axonaö
Besides kelt.-lat. ab-, see below ab-.
Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the b-form from through ᾽Απιδών, ᾽Απιδανός as well as by Old Indian ábda-ḥ m. 'cloud' and with āpaḥ paradigmatic welded together Instr. Dat. Pl. Old Indian adbhiḥ, adbhyaḥ, presumed stem *ap(ǝ)d- (perhaps 'giving water', with dō- 'give' belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abdō(n), Gen. *abdnés, from which *abnés; from obl. case arose from lat. amnis, was compensated during in Celtic *abdō(n) : *abnés to *abā (mir. ab), *abonā (hence mir. abann).
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130 f., Krahe Wörzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.
Page(s): 51-52
Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)-
English meaning: to burn
German meaning: 'brennen, glöhen'
Material: Old Indian ā́sa-ḥ 'cinder, dust' (about ásita-ḥ 'black' s. *n̥si- 'dirt-color, dark color'); lat. āra 'altar; hence refuge, protection;'arae', plur., name of certain rocks at sea' (= osk. aasaí 'in the altar', umbr. are 'altars' etc), āreō, -ēre 'to be dry', āridus 'dry, arid, dry, parched, thirsty' (therefrom ardeō 'to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to gleam; of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze', participle Pass. assus 'dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath'), ārea 'a level or open space, site, courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play' (eigentl. 'burnt-out, dry place'); ahd. essa f., nhd. Esse (*asi̯ōn), urnord. aRina, aisl. arinn 'exaltation, elevation, hearth, fireplace', ahd. erin 'floorboard, ground, bottom' (*azena); toch. AB as- present, ās- Perf. and causative 'dry up', A āsar 'to dry'; hett. ḫa-aš-ši-i (ḫaši) Lok. 'on the hearth' (ḫašaš).
Perhaps here mir. ān 'igneous, radiant, noble' (*āsḫno-). About gr. διψά̄ω, πεινά̄ω s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 724.
Because r in hett. aḫaḫri (āri) 'becomes hot' does not belong to the stem, it must be distinguished lat. āreō 'to be dry, be parched' not from āra 'a structure for sacrifice, altar'.
Formant extensions:
azd- in gr. ἄζω (*azḫdḫi̯ō) 'parch, dry', ἄζα f. 'dehumidifier, dirt', ἀζαλέος 'dry, inflaming', ἄδδαυον ξηρόν. Λάκωνες Hes. (-δδ from -zd-); čech. apoln. ozd 'a device for drying malt or a room for drying malt', čech. slov. ozditi 'to dry malt'.
azg- arm. ačiun 'ash' (Meillet Esquisse 29), gr. ἄσβολος (*ἄσγ-βολος) 'soot' ('ash - throw'), germ. *askōn in aisl. aska, ags. asce, æsce, ahd. asca, nhd. Asche.
Maybe zero grade lat. cinis -eris m. f. 'ashes' < arm. ačiun 'ash'; alb. (*aski) hi 'ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].
Note:
Root / lemma: ken-2, kenǝ-, keni-, kenu- : 'to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : 'to burn' into ā̆sk-en with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. geg. (*askini) hini 'ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].
azgh-ö in arm. azazim 'dries' (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), got. azgo 'ash' (*azgōn). About the difficult relation from germ. *askōn : *az-gōn s. Feist 72b; again different Specht Dekl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness arm. examples are not quite flawless.
References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.
Page(s): 68-69
Root / lemma: āt(e)r-
English meaning: fire, *blow the fire
German meaning: 'Feuer'
Note:
Root / lemma: āt(e)r- : 'fire, *blow the fire' derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē- : 'to blow' with common IE formant -ter.
Material: Av. ātarš (Gen. āϑrō) m. 'fire', wherefore Old Indian átharvan- 'fire priest', Lw. from av. aϑaurvan-, aϑaurun (das ϑ from āϑrō) ds.;
arm. airem 'burns, lights' (due to from *air from *ātēr); serb. vȁtra 'fire', klr. vátra 'fire, stove', poln. vatra 'straw cinder' are borrowed after Jokl WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from rum. vatră 'stove', these again from Alb. (geg. votrë, votër with v-suggestion before alb. ot- from *āt-, viell. iran. Lw.).
Note:
Alb. tosk. vatra, geg. votër 'hearth' proves that Slavs borrowed prothetic v- before bare initial vowels from illyr. This phonetic mutation in alb. took place before the invasion of Slavs into the Balkans because alb. and rum. share the same cognate.
Perhaps as 'burnt' also lat. āter 'dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark, gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous' = umbr. atru, adro 'black, coal-black, gloomy, dark'; but lat. Ātella = osk. Aderl[ā] (*Ātrolā, e.g. v. Planta I 551), lat. Ātrius = osk. Aadíriis (v. Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1А. 4, 38, Schulze Lat. Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly Etruscan origin.
Maybe illyr. Adria 'deep, dark water, sea', zero grade in alb. (*āter) terr 'dead black, dark'.
Possibly affiliation from ir. áith (Gen. átho) f., cymr. odyn f. 'oven, stove', s. Fick II4 9.
References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.
Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: ā̆tos, atta (ḫatta)
English meaning: father, mother
German meaning: Lallwort 'Vater, Mutter'
Material: Old Indian attā 'mother, older sister', attiḫḥ 'older sister', osset. öda, gr. ἄττα 'old man, old fellow, father', dial. Akk. ἄτειν, ἄττειν 'grandfather', lat. atta m. 'father; term of endearment of the children towards the father', got. atta 'father' (Demin. Attila, ahd. Ezzilo), afries. aththa ds., ahd. atto 'father, forefather, ancestor' (tt by running always besides unpostponed neologism), Old Church Slavic оtьcъ (*attikós) 'father'; alb. at 'father', joshë '(on the maternal side) grandmother' (*ātḫsi̯āö), hett. at-ta-aš (attaš) 'father'.
Note:
Alb. and Slav use prothetic j- for lost old laryngeal ḫ-.
A similar *ā̆to-s in germ. *aÞala, *ōÞela appears the basis from ahd. adal 'sex, gender', nhd. Adel, as. athali, ags. æđelu N. PL 'noble parentage', aisl. ađal '(the rudimentary basis of an organ or other part, esp. in an embryo) anlage, sex', Adj. ahd. edili, as. ethili, ags. aeđele 'noble, aristocratic', lengthened grade ahd. uodal, as. ōthil, ags. ēđel, anord. ōđal '(fatherly) genotype' (compare also ahd. fater-uodal, as. fader-ōđil 'property inherited from a father, patrimony');
here got. haimōÞli n. 'genotype', compare with the same vocal lengahd. Uota (actually 'great-grandmother'), afries. ēdila 'great-grandfather'; toch. A ātöl 'man'; here also av. āϑwya- 'name of the fathers Θraētaona 's 'as 'from noble parentage'ö
The affiliation from gr. ἀταλός 'in a juvenile manner, childish', ἀτάλλω 'gathers, waits and is in habit' and 'jumps cheerfully like a child', red. ἀτιτάλλω 'draws up (Redupl. under influence from τιθήνη 'nurse'ö), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154.
One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word (e.g. elam. atta, magy. atya 'father', törk. ata, bask. aita ds.). Similarly tata.
References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 71
Root / lemma: ā
English meaning: interjection
German meaning: Ausruf der Empfindung
Note: often new-created
Material: Old Indian ā exclamation of the meditation;
gr. ἆ exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; ἆ, ἀά exclamation of the surprise and complaint; in addition ἄζειν 'groan';
lat. ā, āh exclamation of pain, the displeasure;
lit. à, aà exclamation of the surprise, the reprimand or mockery, ā exclamation of the astonished question (of loud new creations);
got. ō exclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; ahd. ō exclamation of pain; mhd. ō exclamation of pain, the admiration, suspended thus to the vocative.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.
Page(s): 1